---
title: "Other manufacturers and vintage writing instruments"
description: "Pelikan, Lamy, Parker, Waterman, Sheaffer, Aurora, Visconti, Montegrappa, Asian brands and GDR pens."
language: en
date_modified: 2026-05-19
date_published: 2026-05-19
license: CC BY 4.0
license_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
source_url: https://www.fountainpen.de/faq-chunks-en/06_andere-marken-und-vintage.md
landing_url: https://www.fountainpen.de/faq-llm-en.htm
publisher: fountainpen.de
author: Michael Steiner
keywords: ['Pelikan', 'Lamy', 'Parker', 'Waterman', 'Sheaffer', 'Aurora', 'Visconti', 'Montegrappa', 'GDR pens']
entries: 262
---

# Other manufacturers and vintage writing instruments

> Pelikan, Lamy, Parker, Waterman, Sheaffer, Aurora, Visconti, Montegrappa, Asian brands and GDR pens.

Knowledge base from the former fountainpen.de forum (anonymised, AI-curated). **262 entries** in this topic block. Full index: <https://www.fountainpen.de/faq-llm-en.htm>.

## GDR (East-German) writing instruments

### Why is the Heiko Primus regarded as the 'Mercedes' among GDR fountain pens, and where was it used?

The Heiko Primus refutes the prejudice that there were no luxury writing instruments in the GDR: it is a particularly beautiful fountain pen which was somewhat more expensive but worth its price. It was popular not only in the GDR and the Comecon area but also in the West, where it was readily used as a promotional gift — accordingly it is often found with Western advertising imprints. East German firms also handed it out at trade fairs to particularly good customers, e.g. with imprints such as 'Greetings from Jena' from Zeiss. The Heiko Primus existed in various colours, including red.

### Which GDR writing instruments are collector-worthy, and which Heiko models are among the best-known?

Writing instruments from the former GDR enjoy an ambivalent reputation among collectors: some hold them to be cheap mass-produced goods, others appreciate them as decidedly cult. On closer inspection GDR fountain pens impress with an independent design language, good writing behaviour and almost indestructible everyday usability.

The most important models of the Heiko brand include the Heiko Junior, a classic school fountain pen with a convincing steel nib, and the Heiko Sprint, also a school fountain pen; both were produced until German reunification and can still be found relatively often today. The Heiko Primus is regarded as the 'Mercedes' among GDR fountain pens and impresses with a timeless shape such as Western makers also preferred in the 1980s. The Heiko Trend aimed at an older, more upmarket target group than Sprint and Junior, but stayed below the level of the Primus. The Heiko Filius is the oldest of the models presented here, regarded as rare and came onto the market among others in purple-marbled and green-marbled variants. Beyond that, the Heiko 444, the Heiko P401 and an unidentifiable model from the 1960s are known from the Heiko programme.

### What characterises the GDR school fountain pen Heiko Junior in design, writing behaviour and robustness?

The Heiko Junior was a widespread school fountain pen from the GDR in the late 1980s, inexpensive, extremely robust and visually appealing. Its design follows the principle of adding nothing and leaving nothing out: trouble-prone details such as a clip were deliberately omitted, since these would quickly break off on a school pen anyway. The Junior was available among others in a subdued turquoise as well as in orange.

The plain steel nib offers the stability required for a school fountain pen but does not write hard like a 'nail'. Ink flow, however, is not equally good on all examples — some pens write very juicily, others rather sparingly. As a workhorse for daily use the Junior also satisfies today's demands. Travel, by contrast, it likes less: larger pressure differences, e.g. on aircraft, and stronger shocks it acknowledges with blots. Today the Heiko Junior can still often be found cheaply on the collector market.

### What characterises the Heiko Filius, and which nib variants existed?

The Heiko Filius came onto the market in the 1960s and is the oldest of today's known Heiko models. It was available in various colour variants, e.g. green-marbled. As nib, optionally a steel nib or a glass nib was used. Today fully intact specimens can only rarely be found, since the cap often shows cracks.

### Why is the Markant M 7720 regarded as one of the most refined writing instruments of GDR production?

The Markant M 7720 was produced in the late 1980s and is regarded as the high point of East German fountain-pen manufacture. With a retail price of 36 marks it belonged to the more expensive writing instruments of the GDR; for comparison, a Heiko Junior cost only 3.20 marks. Equipment and finish set the model clearly apart from the simple school pens of the same time.

### Which characteristics and colour variants does the GDR fountain pen Heiko Sprint have?

The Heiko Sprint stands out from the more subdued Heiko Junior by its striking appearance — the often bright orange barrel can be recognised from afar. In writing behaviour both models are practically identical. The Sprint was produced in several colour variants, including green — also in an army green — blue, orange, red and a more subdued turquoise.

### Of which materials does the Markant Unis P consist, and what impression does it create?

The Markant Unis P was made in the late 1980s and combines particularly light, brushed aluminium with black plastic. This material pairing creates a harmonious colour combination and gives the writing instrument a high-quality impression that stands out from the rest of the GDR range.

### What characterises the Heiko 444 from the 1970s technically?

The Heiko 444 from the 1970s was one of the first fountain pens of GDR production with a hooded nib and is thus a technical special model within the Heiko line.

### Which additional colour variant of the Markant Pionier 2 is known?

Besides the well-known versions, the Markant Pionier 2 was also produced in a white colour variant. This expands the spectrum of known colour shades of the model and shows the versatility of GDR writing-instrument production in the 1960s.

### Which features characterise the Markant Pionier 2 in the pink variant from the 1960s?

The Markant Pionier 2 dates from the 1960s and impresses with a design that was modern and trendy for its time. The model has a permanently fitted piston for filling with ink and is therefore not a cartridge pen. The pink version is one of the more striking colour variants and underscores the fashionable character of the line.

### What was the Heiko flush cartridge of the VEB Füllhalterwerk Wernigerode used for?

The flush cartridge of VEB Füllhalterwerk Wernigerode was a cleaning device for cartridge pens. It consists of a small bellows connected to a roughly 25 mm short plastic cartridge. The associated packaging measures around 7 cm in height with a base of about 3 by 3 cm and bears on three sides a pictorial instruction. Although the plastic cartridge has no tip like a conventional ink cartridge, cleaning works reliably on usual cartridge pens.

### What does the Markant Trend Set with the model designations P 804 and K 804 comprise?

The Markant Trend Set consists of a fountain pen with the designation P 804 and a matching ballpoint K 804. Both writing instruments are kept in a uniform design and form a coordinated set from GDR production.

### For which target group was the Heiko Trend intended, and what characterises it?

The Heiko Trend was intended for writers who had outgrown the school pen but could not yet afford a Heiko Primus. It impresses with its clear shaping and an ergonomically formed grip section that makes it a pleasant everyday companion.

### Why can a green-marbled Heiko fountain pen without imprint not be unambiguously named?

Not all Heiko writing instruments bear an imprint with the model name, and original sales brochures from GDR production are barely findable. A clear model designation is therefore not possible on some pieces. That the green-marbled example is an upmarket model, however, can be inferred from the comparatively elaborately designed clip, which is above the level of a simple Heiko Filius.

### What is known about the unidentified Heiko model from the 1960s?

From the 1960s a Heiko fountain pen exists whose exact model designation is so far unknown. Among collectors it is treated as an independent, early Heiko model, documented by surviving examples.

### What characterises the GDR fountain pen Markant Merkur in the red-marbled version?

The Markant Merkur existed in several colour variants, including red, blue and green, and in two different sizes. A peculiarity of this model is the marbling, not worked into the material but applied as a foil. From this follows the disadvantage that this foil can come off if the pen is, for example, left in water too long. Well-preserved examples show the typical red-marbled look of the GDR writing instrument in full beauty.

### What does the green Heiko 3-piece set contain, and what peculiarity does it have?

The green Heiko 3-piece set consists of a fountain pen, a twist pencil with 0.9 mm lead and a click ballpoint fitted with an original Markant Vollstrich refill. The three writing instruments are stored in a case of synthetic leather. The instruments are about 12 cm long. A peculiarity of this set is that neither on the instruments themselves nor on the case is a type designation applied, which makes precise model assignment difficult.

## Vintage pens / oldies

### How can an old fountain pen with a damaged nib be identified and repaired?

Without a clear brand mark, identification is possible from the nib, the clip, the section and the barrel end; close-up photos of these areas help. A small, partially hidden nib points for instance to a Parker or a French make, while a blind cap at the barrel end qualifies that. Repairing a broken nib is very expensive; it is usually cheaper and more sensible to find an intact original nib of the same model and fit it. A list of repair specialists is on fountainpen.de; for nib-only work nibs.com is an address. With pre-war pens the feed and nib can often be carefully pulled out from the front. Markings like "14K"/"585" on the nib confirm gold quality; concrete dimensions help the repairer find suitable replacement nibs.

### What can be said about an old fountain pen marked "Aristokrat"?

Aristokrat was a German manufacturer in Nuremberg, as the marking "Ges. Gesch." attests; in the 1950s the founder's piston pens were sold by direct sales in offices and authorities. Models existed in sizes roughly matching the Montblanc Mozart, as well as larger variants with 18-karat gold nibs. Based on the materials used, the model is dated to the late 1930s. The brand has no significant collector value; a well-preserved piece typically reaches only about 10 euros on eBay. Such pens lend themselves well to practising disassembly and polishing.

### Who produces the modern Kaweco Sport fountain pens, and does the original company still exist?

The original 'Heidelberger Federhalter-Fabrik Koch, Weber & Co.' no longer exists; the trademark rights and production of the modern Kaweco Sport fountain pens lie today with Gutberlet. The historical Kaweco already had compact, cylindrical safety pens for ladies, officers and sport travellers in its programme by 1911, made of guilloché or marbled hard rubber and in special editions of silver, tula or Toledo. Today's Sport models are a homage to this classic design, but the brand's economic significance is no longer comparable with the pre-war period.

### Which refill fits a Montblanc lever ballpoint No. 18 from the 1960s, whose original giant refill is too slim for the giant refills sold today?

The thicker giant refill commonly sold today no longer fits directly into the Montblanc No. 18 from the 60s, since the writing tip of the ballpoint was designed only for the slimmer first-generation giant refill. Collectors report that authorised Montblanc specialist dealers and the boutique offer an adapter with which current giant refills can be used in younger lever ballpoints (e.g. No. 782); on the model 18 this adapter does not help, however, due to the still slimmer tip geometry. In the 1970s, after the change to the thicker writing tip, Montblanc offered free replacement tips for around ten years; this programme has been discontinued for decades. The only practical solution that remains is therefore usually to search for old stocks of the old giant refill or for an original replacement tip via collector channels.

### What is known about Knips Patent Pencils and their connection to De La Rue & Co. and a Nuremberg firm?

Knips Patent Pencils are high-quality mechanical pencils made in the 1930s, with De La Rue & Co. acting as 'Sale Distributors for the British Empire'; actual production took place in Germany with a sourcing name based in Nuremberg, whose role as maker or distribution partner is not conclusively documented (cf. Stephen Hull's book on Onoto). The pencils were offered in five colours plus black and are characterised by an unusual click mechanism with two opposing pressure points which, alternately pressed, advance the lead. Octagonal versions in celluloid in different shades are particularly sought-after; condition and function of the click mechanism are often still flawless on the surviving examples. The pieces are rare and are actively but sporadically offered on the collector market.

### Why was the Parker Vacumatic discontinued, and is a present-day purchase sensible for everyday use?

The Vacumatic was replaced by the simpler and more robust Aerometric system, which was used from the 1950s also in the Parker 51; the Vacumatic system did have a larger ink volume but was more maintenance-intensive. Repair requires special tools to open and a rubber diaphragm, only obtainable in the USA; many restorers refuse the repair; in Vienna it is reliably carried out at Penleo (Leo Grahofer). Restored Vacumatics can be used for about 20 years after professional servicing. Everyday use of an unrestored piece is advised against. Material and writing quality are excellent, the nibs mostly rigid, the feed very good, the leak resistance better than with the Parker 51. As a modern replacement with similar design the Visconti Wallstreet or the Manhattan with High-Vacuum Powerfill mechanism is recommended.

### What should be considered when buying a glass-nib fountain pen, and where are modern glass nibs available?

Glass nibs are breakage-prone, and replacement is hard to obtain. Historical glass-nib fountain pens were produced mainly between the late 1920s and mid-1940s, e.g. as safety or push-fillers; at Montblanc there were corresponding models like 442 and 444, today rare and expensive and able to cost around 500 euros. No-name glass-nib pens are available much more cheaply on eBay in the single-digit euro range. Modern glass nibs are supplied by Dr. Franz-Josef Jansen on de-atramentis.com from about 8 euros. Glass nibs were earlier used for document-proof inks that would clog usual nibs and feeds. With glass-nib pens the maker Haro is only reachable via the second-hand market.

### What information can be found on three old fountain pens (Koh-I-Noor Astra No. 14, an '-R-' from France and a Lamy Ratio) regarding origin, age and value?

Since the forum primarily focuses on Montblanc, information on side brands here is sparse. Collectors report that most collectors specialise in a few main brands like Montblanc, Pelikan or Namiki, and brands like Koh-I-Noor, Lamy or French bakelite pens are therefore barely documented. The Lamy mentioned is likely a Lamy 27 from the 1950s. For more detailed information the Penexchange forum is referred to, which covers a broader brand spectrum.

### Which brands and makers are involved in a safety pen with 'Mercedes New York' nib and a silver four-colour pencil with DRGM stamping?

The safety pen is with high probability a Mercedes (brand founded 1920); the characteristic script-style nib engraving, the notched feed and the somewhat larger cap-top diameter are typical features. Mercedes at first obtained its nibs from the USA, since nib production in Germany was initially mastered only by Kaweco (from 1913) and Soennecken. The four-colour pencil could be an early Fendt of Pforzheim, since Fendt developed and early patented the slide mechanism for multi-colour pencils; Montblanc also had multi-colour pencils made at Fendt up into the 1970s. The imprint 'Schloss F. Kahleis, Cöthen' could indicate a specialist dealer.

### How is an Osmia Safety with '18 KTS' stamping and striking overlay to be classified, and how is Osmia rated as a historical maker?

The overlay of the Safety described looks typically Italian and resembles those found on many Italian Safeties of various brands (also Waterman and Montblanc). Osmia, strengthened from the 1930s onward by licence production of Parker models, was later taken over by Faber-Castell and withdrawn from the market in the late 1950s. In the early years Osmia did make high-quality writing instruments, e.g. the celluloid pens with cap top in cloisonné enamel, which counted among the European top class. Sarastro, by contrast, produced exclusively top goods. A clear attribution of the specific Safety would only be possible by inspecting the base model under the overlay.

### What is known about the maker RIC LEI (Richter Leipzig) and its Safety pens?

RIC LEI stands for the Richter brothers from Leipzig, whose writing-instrument manufactory collectors rate as qualitatively above average. The brand, however, sold significantly below the prices of the competition, which proved economically unsustainable in the long term; a strong marketing department and sufficient capital were missing. The company disappeared, by collectors' knowledge, before or during World War II from the market. Octagonal Safeties without company logo corresponding to the construction of the RIC LEI pieces are also known.

### Which maker is behind an old gold nib with ibex emblem above three mountain peaks and the imprint 'IRIDIUM'?

The emblem with the ibex before three mountain peaks belongs to the nib maker Peter Bock of Heidelberg, who exclusively produced nibs and not complete pens; from the nib alone the pen's maker can therefore not be deduced. Such Bock nibs were used in numerous standard pens of various brands and are found in steel as well as gold versions. They count as robust and good writers but do not reach the writing properties of high-quality gold nibs. The initially suspected DISCUS of Bonn is also a historical maker (aluminium body, before WWII), but the ibex nib itself is not originally linked with DISCUS.

### What can be found out about the Austrian school pen of the brand 'Tempo' (imprint 'M CHROMA EXTRA') from the 1940s?

Tempo was an Austrian writing-instrument maker (Vienna firm Gerspacher) that in the 1920s to 1940s produced numerous standard pens, also push fillers, in various colours. A comprehensive documentation or catalogue of Tempo does not exist; only the Vienna restorer Leo Grahofer (grasshopper.at) has documented some on the brand and is the central contact point for questions and restorations (cleaning, new piston). A short mention is also in the Penkala book by Miroslav Tischler in the chapter on Austrian makers. Original nibs usually carry the imprint 'Tempo'.

### Which maker and which filling mechanism could be involved in an old fountain pen with Indian-head engraving 'Hugh!', noble chrome nib and screw-spring/knurled-screw mechanism?

The mechanism recalls a vacuum system in the style of Parker's Vacumatic; a precise attribution to maker, country and year is, however, difficult, since a converted mechanism also seems possible. On old vacuum pens the inner rubber tank is almost always dried out and mostly no longer fillable. Research in specialist literature (Steinberg, 'Füllfederhalter, Das illustrierte Lexikon für Sammler') led the owner to Parker's patent of 1832, in which by means of piston and rod in the barrel ink was pressed to the nib — the first documented self-filler. A treatment with creep oil loosened stuck parts; the mechanism here consists of piston rod, cork seal and screw spring with knurled screw.

### Where do you get well-founded information on model designations, production period and value of mint Brause piston fountain pens from an attic find?

Collector forums like community-fountainpen.de or penexchange.de are not designed to deliver sales information for free, because no commercial interest is to be served there. Anyone needing the market value or exact model data on such finds should turn to a recognised expert like Stefan Wallrafen (collectiblestars.de), who researches and estimates against fee. Before such a commission, weighing whether the expected sale proceeds even justify the research costs is worthwhile; often this is not the case.

### Which makers and which age can be determined for an old silver pencil with '900' hallmark and for a Wahl-Eversharp pencil?

The angular pencil with the '900' hallmark is a typical Pforzheim piece from the time before 1900, whose housing is of solid 900 silver and whose clip shape is characteristic for this region; engravings were at the time still done by hand. With silver-cleaning agent the pencil can be made to shine again. Wahl Eversharp is a tradition-rich US brand whose production was discontinued about 40 to 50 years ago. In the USA there is a larger collector circle for it; to continental Europe these writing instruments — except for England — were barely exported, which is why they are rarely encountered here.

### How does filling an old Fabula safety pen with retractable nib work?

The pen is a safety of the brand Fabula (maker Aura GmbH, Munich), presumably from the 1920s. With this construction principle the nib is retracted by the twist mechanism so that filling is done via the front opening with a pipette — not via the rear end. Before first ink use it should be checked with water whether the writing instrument is still tight; on leakage the cork seal must be renewed. With nib retracted, the closure mechanism seals the opening, so the ink stays inside.

### How can an old pen with Asian characters, rubber-bag filling and the inscription 'Parker 1/10 12 K Gold Filled' be identified?

It is an original Parker 51 in 12-carat gold-filled cover with East Asian engraving, no copy. Exact identification succeeds via the embossed 'PARKER 51' inside and the typical engraving guide for filling. Asian copies of the Parker 51 are widespread, which is why such finds are first uncertain. The translated characters yield, in combination with the logo, a meaning like 'extent' and 'jade/gemstone' and indicate a special marking. The Parker 51 line counts as very robust and can be operated with nearly any common ink.

### How do you classify an old Montblanc ballpoint with model number '36 501' temporally and value-wise?

The ballpoint described is likely to correspond to a model 281, made between 1971 and 1979. For value determination there is an established guide widely used in collector circles, especially providing comparison with current eBay auctions. Decisive for the price are preservation state, completeness (packaging, replacement refills) and any engravings, which reduce value.

### How rare is a Pelikan 100 (not 100N) with grey-marbled binde, and where can it be professionally restored?

While the Pelikan 100N occasionally turns up in grey, the grey variant of the older 100 is significantly rarer and barely documented in standard literature. With nib damage and leaking feeds, restoration at specialised workshops like Tom Westerich (penboard.de), Lutz Fiebig or Werner is recommended. Repair costs can exceed market demand; sale to a collector or specialist dealer is usual as alternative. Professional reworking preserves collector value significantly better than own interventions.

### Is a gold pen with the nib inscription 'Watermann' and hallmarks with lions actually a Waterman?

Hallmarks with lions point to manufacture in Great Britain; in connection with the nib inscription it is presumably a jeweller's work on Waterman base and not a direct factory production by Waterman. Such pieces are conceived as safety pens and are filled manually by unscrewing the nib; drawing up is not possible. Restoration is mostly not possible, since the gold cover fully encloses the mechanism and excludes opening. Sellable as pure collector's pieces they are nonetheless.

### How do you fill a Parker Vacumatic, and what distinguishes its mechanism from ink-sac or piston pens?

The Vacumatic has neither ink sac nor piston but works with a plunger and a diaphragm (rubber membrane) and an air tube in the barrel. On pressing the plunger air is displaced through the air tube; on letting it slide back, a vacuum arises that draws in the ink via the feed. Precondition is that nib and feed stand fully in the ink and any breather hole is covered when pumping so the vacuum can build up. The system was used by Parker from about the late 1930s onwards.

### How can an unmarked, capless piston pen with 14K gold nib, lion's-head hallmark and blue ring and green spindle be assigned?

Clearly identifying the piece from the description is not possible. The construction (piston mechanism, sight window, feed with Pelikan-like longitudinal grooves) speaks for German post-war production from the 1950s; the 14K gold nib excludes a pure cheap article. It is recommended to bring the piece to a collector show (e.g. Ofenwerk Nuremberg) where several experts can assess it. The lion's-head hallmark is a usual gold-content stamp and does not necessarily come from Rupp/Heidelberg.

### Which brand is behind an unmarked vintage writing instrument that bears an embossed M on the cap or clip end?

It is highly likely a Matador, a former German writing-instrument brand. Original Matador nibs carry the inscription 14K 585 Matador and an M in the circle; the M mark is found, depending on model, on the cap top or in the clip end. Qualitatively Matador counts as average but is valued for its beautiful celluloid colours.

### How can the production year of an inherited Montblanc Meisterstück No. 35 with 18-carat gold nib be determined?

The Meisterstück No. 35 was presumably produced from the late 1920s to mid-1930s. An important indicator is the filling type: if the model has a small lever in the middle of the barrel, that indicates dating to the late 1920s; without lever and with a turn-retractable nib, everything speaks for the 1930s. Such models were originally filled with a pipette, which today can also be elegantly done with a small syringe. For a more precise classification, posting a photo on the forum is recommended.

### Where can one find information on an old Kaweco Colleg (model 55A SM, around 1930)?

A comprehensive source of information on Kaweco models is the publication on gutberlet.com (KAWECO_history). For direct exchange with specialists and viewing of comparable pieces, a visit to the Hamburg collectors' fair is recommended, where experienced Kaweco connoisseurs are present. In addition, special CDs with model overviews exist for further research.

### Which brand and which manufacturer are behind the DUROLL fountain pen, which resembles a Parker Duofold of the 1920s?

DUROLL is a Parker Duofold licensed replica, comparable to numerous similar models that were produced in the 1920s and 1930s in Germany, England and Italy. In Germany, for example, Osmia in Heidelberg held a corresponding licence. Research has shown that DUROLL was manufactured under the FABULA brand by the company AURA GmbH in Munich. Munich was at that time a centre for several smaller fountain pen manufacturers.

### Is a set of Coronation writing instruments in red, white and blue offered on eBay an authentic historical piece?

The offer appears repeatedly and is classified by experienced collectors as doubtful, especially because the modern Cartier box included does not match the supposed historical provenance. Comparable authentic Coronation sets from 1953 (e.g. listed at fountainpenemporium.com) show the colours red-white-blue in reference to the Union Jack. A bargain price of around 200 euros would only be justified if authenticity is beyond doubt; the make-up of the specific offer rather suggests scepticism.

### Is there information on the French fountain pen manufacturer Mor (or Mor's) from Paris?

The brand Mor or Mor's from Paris is not listed in standard literature (e.g. in the Lambrou book). It can be assumed to be a smaller French manufacturer; in the early 20th century (around 1925) many small workshops existed whose brand names are hardly documented today. Detailed historical information about the manufacturer cannot be ascertained in the forum.

### Did the Pelikan 400 from the 1950s really come with grey caps, or are these faded black examples?

In the standard literature (Dittmer & Lehmann, "Pelikan Schreibgeräte", p. 67) no grey caps are documented for the 400, which is why it is plausible that it is a faded, originally black cap. A special edition in grey is not documented. For more precise assessment, a Pelikan expert (e.g. Werner) can be consulted.

### How can an inherited Montblanc safety pen from the 1920s with overlay and heart-shaped hole in the nib be identified and classified?

A serious evaluation is not possible without inspection or meaningful photos, so collectors always ask for pictures by e-mail or in the forum. For uploading photos, there is a separate guide in the help area of the forum. Safety pens by Montblanc from the 20s with a gold overlay are well known as jeweller's commissions and can be valuable, but an assignment to specific designations like Sarastro requires reliable image material.

### Which manufacturer is behind a colourful ballpoint, bought in the 1980s, with a striking pattern whose cross-section is reminiscent of the Montblanc logo?

It is not a Montblanc, but the Parafernalia Flirt from the family of the Italian brand Parafernalia. Montblanc writing instruments in the 70s and 80s, even in the entry class, always bore classic forms as well as the logo and brand name; if these markings are missing, the writing instrument is not a Montblanc. Further information can be found on the manufacturer's site parafernalia.com.

### How can a supposedly golden Kaweco fountain pen from the 1940s with 585 stamp and WARRANTED nib be classified and evaluated?

Kaweco collecting is a niche field, which is why information is best obtained directly from today's manufacturer Gutberlet. The expert answer from there points to inconsistencies between the clip outer diameter and housing, which should not normally occur on a high-quality gold housing, which can indicate a later clip exchange. Gold overlays of such pens generally did not come from Kaweco itself but from jewellers, often from Pforzheim. A serious evaluation requires sharp, detail-rich photos; a general guide for value determination is available in the forum.

### How can a Swan Self Filler in Grey Marbled be classified by age?

The Swan Self Filler in Grey Marbled dates temporally from around 1940. Often the section on these models does not sit correctly in the housing, which can usually be corrected without intervention on the fountain pen itself. Swan fountain pens of this era are characterised by striking designs and particularly pleasantly flexible nibs, which makes them popular among collectors.

### Where can one obtain the book "Der Kugelschreiber – Prêt-à-porter der Schreibgeräte" by Werner Meier?

The book apparently contains no publisher's reference in the imprint and is not easy to find either via Amazon or via usual antiquarian booksellers. More promising is the search in specialised internet antiquarian booksellers like ZVAB or Eurobuch. Even there, however, the hit rate is not certain; some collectors have struck lucky, others not.

### How can an inherited A.W. Faber pen 922 EF and a Faber-Castell pencil be classified and dated?

The Faber model series 922 was produced in various variants and colours; grey is rather rare, black the more common version, and there were size variants like the 994. The plastic housing speaks for production from the mid-1950s onwards. Clip and rings are gilded, not solid, since no hallmark stamp like 585 is present; the gold nib, on the other hand, is real gold, the material value, however, low. Special collector literature on Faber-Castell is hardly available; a direct enquiry to Faber-Castell customer service is recommended.

### How does one change the nib of a Parker 75 Sterling Cisele and where does one get replacement nibs?

The nib of the Parker 75 is only plugged into the grip section and can be removed without problem by simultaneous pulling and turning along the longitudinal axis, without anything being damaged. Replacement nibs are difficult to obtain today; common standard widths are often sold out, and one frequently only finds exotic widths at high prices, e.g. via US eBay. An alternative is the purchase of a defective 75 for cannibalisation; here attention must be paid to the matching feed, since various variants existed. Repairs and nib exchange are offered, among others, by Thomas Watkinson as well as the Kontor SchreibTischKultur in Münster.

### How can one tell whether a silvery-looking vintage pen is actually made of silver?

Decisive is the hallmark on the clip or barrel: if it says "900" (or another common silver hallmark), it is real silver. If, on the other hand, "Alpaka" is stamped, it is silver-plated nickel-silver alloy (copper-nickel-zinc) and not a precious metal. A more precise determination is only possible with knowledge of the concrete hallmark.

### Who can repair an old Eversharp fountain pen with a defective ink sac in the Paderborn area?

Specific repairers in the Paderborn area are not known among collectors. The first port of call should be a local writing-instrument specialist shop, which usually forwards to a specialised repairer; the writing instrument then mostly has to be sent in. The collector pages refer under "Web links – Repair" to further addresses. Horst Schrage of maxpens.de is also recommended, who, although specialised in Montblanc, generally also works on other historical fountain pens.

### How is a Parker Jack-Knife Safety 20 Lucky Curve made of hard rubber with button filling classified and assessed in the collector market?

Old Parker models are only collected to a limited extent in Germany; more specialised information sources and collectors can be found at fountainpennetwork.com. With a button filler with hardened button, the ink sac is typically also destroyed and should be replaced before renewed use. A reliable value statement is not possible without a sound market comparison; the piece is in any case worth collecting.

### Who was the manufacturer of the writing instruments with the clip inscription "Partner" from the 1920s?

The brand "Partner" is unknown in the relevant German collector environment; in the 1920s to 1940s, thousands of smaller manufacturers existed, of which today only a fraction is documented. Confusion with Parker is, with a "Partner" imprint with classic 20s typography, ruled out, especially since Parker eyedroppers were mostly clipless and provided with an additional patent note. Promising for further research are forums like penexchange.de or fountainpennetwork.com. Material collector values are with such unknown brands mostly low.

### How does one fill an old Parker 51 with the engraving "PLATINUM" and how can the ink level be recognised with a discoloured sac?

The Parker 51 uses an ink sac that on old examples is often darkened, so that the ink level can no longer be read. Replacement sacs are available e.g. via cathedralpens.co.uk, but likewise consist of black material and therefore allow no viewing window. For detailed information on model variants, filling and repair of the Parker 51, reference is made to the Fountain Pen Network (fountainpennetwork.com), which has extensive articles on this model.

### How does the filling mechanism of old French fountain pens like "Stylox Pulseuir M 190" or "Stylomine 303V" work, and where can specialist information be found?

The model "Stylox Pulseuir M 190" largely corresponds to the Stylomine 303V described in the book "Füllfederhalter" by Andreas Lambrou (Heyne Verlag, translation Stefan Wallrafen) by the company Y. E. Zuber in Paris; a sectional drawing in the book serves for identification. The mechanism works with an internal rubber sac and an ink window in the barrel. Cleaning and disassembly take place via a water bath in which stuck parts are loosened. With old pieces from the 1950s, the rubber sac is often porous, which leads to leaks; spare parts, especially sacs, are generally no longer available, since the manufacturers no longer exist — such fountain pens are therefore in fact handled as one-off pieces. Talcum powder in the housing originally served to prevent the sac from sticking to the outer wall.

### Which converters and cartridges fit a Sheaffer Targa Slim 1005 S, and where does one obtain replacements?

For the Sheaffer Targa Slim, original Sheaffer Slim cartridges are intended, of which remaining stock is partly still offered in online trade. A tried and tested point of contact for converters and matching spare parts is Rolf Thiel (missing-pen.de), who also stocks older Sheaffer items.

### Where can one obtain replacement refills for very old, non-standardised ballpoints?

For ballpoints from times before the refill standard, matching replacement refills are today only difficultly obtainable, since manufacturers at that time often used their own solutions. A point of contact is the forum at penexchange.de, where many ballpoint users are active and possibly know sources or adapter solutions.

### Where do counterfeit Montblanc pens with a real star, which keep cropping up in online auctions, come from?

Counterfeit old Montblanc writing instruments often come from south-eastern Europe, especially from Serbia and Croatia. The counterfeiters mostly use no-name bodies or defective original parts and combine them into their own creations, which are then offered with elaborate stories about origin (e.g. allegedly from museum holdings). The phenomenon is increasingly observed in the international arena (e.g. FPN), which is why with old writing instruments in particular special caution is warranted.

### Which model is a fountain pen with the inscription 'A.W. Faber Castell 963F' and nib signature 'Osmia Supra 14K 585'?

Faber-Castell took over the Osmia works in the 1950s and 1960s, which is why models with combined brand features were produced in this period. The pen mentioned is such a transitional/combination type, the pen with Faber-Castell inscription and a 14K Osmia Supra gold nib. For value orientation and model determination, reference is made to relevant forum articles.

### Did a Pelikan 400 with a completely grey cap exist, or is it an unusual variant?

An M400 cap in completely grey is not known in the forum; the grey variant documented by Rüttinger has a black cap. For a sound piece of information, a direct enquiry to Werner Rüttinger by email or via the Penexchange forum is recommended, since he has very broad Pelikan expertise.

### Which manufacturer is behind a piston filler with the lateral engraving Westminster, presumably from the 1940s/50s?

Westminster is, according to the sources used in the forum, a sub-brand of Montblanc and is listed, among others, on penexchange.de under Die Klassiker / Viele Namen - Ein Hersteller as well as at collectiblestars.com under Brands A-Z. In the book Penkala by Miroslav Tischler, Westminster also appears in the section Other Stationery Manufacturers in the World. The firm Westminster existing in the United Kingdom has nothing to do with this, since it has existed only for a few years. For a concrete model determination, it is recommended to additionally post the photos on penexchange.de, where such pens have already been discussed.

### Which model and which year is an inherited Cross fountain pen?

The writer looks like a Cross Century. With a total length with cap of around 13.5 cm and a weight of 27 to 30 g it is a Century II; with a weight of around 16 g, the classic Century. On the Century II the cap overlaps the body, while on the Century cap and body abut flush. More in-depth model and dating information can most likely be found in the forum fountainpennetwork.com.

### What is known about the historical mechanical-pencil set Friwo-Gold 521 by the firm Fritz Wortmann from the 1930s?

The set was made by the firm Fritz Wortmann in Hessian Wetter and contained hexagonal mechanical pencils with colour-coded twist knobs for different lead types, including pencil, copy, ink, red, blue and green leads. The pencils are about 13.5 cm long, weigh around 10 grams and were offered individually or as a garniture in a leather case for five pencils. Ink leads were actually widespread at the time, and the plain design, based on wooden pencils, was similar with many manufacturers of the era, by which Friwo pencils can hardly be visually distinguished from other brands like Montblanc. The firm today belongs to the many forgotten stationery manufacturers.

### What value do unused nibs and pen parts from the 1950s and 1960s, e.g. by Kaweco, have, and how can they be marketed?

Such unused nibs and pen parts are primarily spare parts and thus only interesting for a small, very specific collector and repairer circle. A flat-rate value statement is therefore difficult; the achievable price depends strongly on whether someone is currently looking precisely for these parts. As the most practicable marketing path, an auction on eBay is named, ideally with good detail photos and exact labelling specifications.

### Which manufacturer and which type is an old piston filler with the embossing 'DUROLL' and a steel nib 'Edelstahl Prima' from the years before 1960?

Visually the fountain pen has nothing in common with Montblanc but belongs to the large group of contemporary Parker Duofold copies of celluloid and hard rubber, produced in the 1920s to 1940s by numerous manufacturers. A Parker, however, it is not. For a more precise assignment, an enquiry to relevant Parker collectors, e.g. via penexchange.de, is recommended, where corresponding models are documented in threads on Duofold variety. The nib with embossing 'Edelstahl Prima' and hand-in-circle mark also speaks for a simple branded pen of this era.

### How does the colour of celluloid change on a Montblanc 144G over time, and how is the condition of preservation to be classified?

Ink discolours the celluloid in the course of use; originally grey pieces change accordingly. This discolouration cannot be reversed. It is a usual ageing state, neither particularly good nor particularly bad but typical for pens of this era.

### What can be done about an increasingly loosening closure cap on a Rotring Initial Silver?

The problem is known and arises through wear of the plastic material inside the cap. A real repair solution does not exist, since Rotring no longer produces the Initial and replacement caps are hardly available. A practical way out is the procurement of further Initial pens via the second-hand market, on which such models were phase-wise available cheaply, in order to use an intact cap from them.

### From what period do the models Montblanc 344G and Pix 172 come, and which engraving variants exist?

Of the 344, according to the standard work Collectible Stars, three variants exist: the 344G from the years 1951 to 1953, the 344 from 1954 to 1956 as well as a later version from 1957 to 1960. On the second variant, the star on the cap is merely outlined. The Pix 172 was produced between 1951 and 1958. An originally white-filled engraving can be worn off through use, so it no longer appears coloured today.

### Which inks are suitable for a Sheaffer White Dot Triumph Sentinel from 1949, and is special treatment necessary after long idle time?

For historical Sheaffer models, exclusively water-soluble, non-sticking inks should be used; classic Pelikan 4001 Royal Blue and blue Faber-Castell ink are regarded as unproblematic. Pigmented or strongly coloured inks (black, red, iron-gall) are to be avoided, since they can attack the material. Before first putting it into operation, thorough flushing with tap water is recommended; regular flushing keeps the pen permanently functional.

### What is a set of the brand Markant with several metal nib tips, a plastic pen with metal clip and accessory parts?

The description points to a drawing pen or India-ink pen set for architects and technical drawers, on which the metal tips serve different line widths. An unambiguous assignment, however, requires photos. With classical calligraphy, such sets have nothing to do.

### How are simple inherited pen holders without brand marking to be classified historically and materially?

The pieces depicted are classical pen holders, that is, no fountain pens, and apparently brand pieces without identifiable manufacturer. A concrete determination or value statement is therefore hardly possible. The sentimental value as a memorial piece remains untouched.

## other manufacturers

### Is buying a higher-end pen (e.g. Cross Apogee, Montblanc) worthwhile for heavy writing during a degree, or was it a mistake?

Initial dissatisfaction with a new high-end pen is usually not a wrong purchase but a question of getting used to it and of the surrounding conditions. High-quality gold nibs react sensitively to paper quality: recycled paper with short fibres or rough sorts noticeably slow the nib, while the often glossy demo paper in shops distorts the writing feel. With start-up and ink-flow issues a cleaning often helps. An M, F or B nib should work fine on usual quality paper; a settling-in time of weeks is normal. Push-on caps are seen critically over time, as they can become loose or split; screw caps and a protective sleeve are more practical for daily use. Cross gives a Lifetime Warranty on its products, although long-term lacquer experience with the Apogee series is scarce.

### How do collectors arrange their desks, and which brands and accessories are combined?

Among forum members the spectrum reaches from minimalist and sober through to deliberately aesthetic "Gesamtkunstwerk" arrangements. Frequently named brands for desk accessories are Montblanc (Meisterstück leather desk pad, notepads, business-card holder, A4 portfolio), El Casco (leather trays, pen cups, table butlers), Versace/Rosenthal and Edwood. Heavy desks are recommended to be supplemented with black leather lines or gilded accents, and brands combined consistently in style. Several voices point out that an over-full desk distracts from actual work — a functional, tidy setup is often the better solution. Beautiful pen cabinets or collector boxes can put prominent pieces in the spotlight without overloading the workspace.

### Montblanc Meisterstück 145 or Caran d'Ache Léman — what should you look for in a three-piece writing set (fountain pen, ballpoint, pencil)?

Both brands deliver high-quality writing instruments; in a side-by-side test at a dealer testers found the Caran d'Ache Léman M nib to be finer and better suited to small handwriting than the somewhat broader-falling Montblanc M. In general, Montblanc nibs vary in line width and ink flow due to manual finishing; a nib test or exchange within the swap period is recommended. For everyday writing a moderate weight is comfortable — very light pens lead to cramping, very heavy ones cause fatigue. The Montblanc 145 (Chopin/Classique) is regarded as suitable for daily use, blot-free and popular; anyone who values a somewhat more flexible nib should consider alternative makers such as OMAS. Ultimately the individual writing feel at the dealer decides.

Related pages on fountainpen.de:
• Montblanc Meisterstück 145 (Classique): https://www.fountainpen.de/c-montblanc-meisterstueck-145-en.htm

### Which fountain pen in the 100–200 euro range can be recommended for everyday use?

Around 100 euros two models stand out: the Lamy 2000 (piston filler with gold nib, very solid technology and good finish) and older Pelikan models such as the Tradition M 250 or the M200/M205, optionally with 18 K gold nib; Pelikan 252, 254 or 256 are also recommended. Important before buying is to test different sizes and nib widths in the hand at a dealer — F is generally regarded as well suited for everyday use, but preferences are individual. At 200 euros the field opens up considerably (Aurora 88, Faber-Castell, Caran d'Ache Madison, etc.); the personal writing test remains decisive. With used pens, condition and trustworthy sources are worth looking at.

### What is known about the old writing-instrument brand 'Weltpen'?

Welt Pen was a brand of the Berlin company Schmieglitz & Co. GmbH, which produced several models such as the Wep, Extra and Zep as well as a 'Meisterstück' (also known as 'Dicke Berta' — even larger than a Montblanc 139). Stylistically, some pieces took on elements from the competition, e.g. the cap band of the Waterman Patrician for a ladies-format set. The company suffered greatly from World War II and was liquidated in the early 1950s. Online sources about the company are barely findable, so the knowledge comes primarily from collector circles. There is no connection with the Dutch supplier of the same name.

### Which fountain pen is suitable as a higher-end entry-level pen after Lamy/Pelikano, without immediately stepping into the high-priced Montblanc class?

Collectors strongly recommend having several models demonstrated and writing extensively in a well-stocked specialist shop before buying, since nib width and feel act very differently for each individual. Recommended entry-level addresses include the Schreibkultur shop of Ingrid Janik in the Leipzig Mädler-Passage and the Faber-Castell shop of the same owner. In the mid-price segment around 50 euros, models such as the Faber-Castell Ambition Edelharz or a Lamy Studio are good candidates; above that begins the world of Pelikan, while Montblanc's pricing only starts where Lamy and Pelikan already end. Important when test-writing is to check both the nib width and the size and balance of the barrel, since a too small or too large pen will be unpleasant even with a perfect nib.

### How are the Japanese makers Nakaya, Sailor, Pilot/Namiki and Platinum to be assessed in terms of quality, nib widths and sourcing options?

Japanese writing instruments from Pilot/Namiki, Sailor, Platinum and especially Nakaya are regarded by collectors as outstanding in quality and function and are partly perceived as superior to European and American models. Nakaya sells its pens exclusively by direct sales via email, makes them to customer specifications (e.g. tamenuri lacquer work) and ships worldwide; on imports into the EU value-added tax and import duties apply. With nib widths it should be noted that Japanese designations run narrower than European ones: F corresponds roughly to EF, M corresponds to F, so true B or even BB widths from Japanese makers are rare. By contrast, makers such as Nakaya offer truly flexible nibs and on request even flexible stubs as well as music nibs, which are barely available in Europe any more. Collectors recommend paying attention to a suitable nib grade when ordering and being aware of the longer delivery times and possible customs formalities.

### What is known about the new Bulk Filler fountain pen system from Conid (Fountainbel/Francis) of Flanders?

The Bulk Filler system developed by Francis and produced by Conid is based on a positive-displacement filling principle that uses the maximum ink capacity in a small space and was introduced on the first production batch with 60 demonstrator models. Clip, cap closure screw, filler knob, cap ring and threaded ring are made of titanium in the final version. Detail pictures, sourcing and pricing information are available on conid.be and in the detailed English-language presentation in the Fountain Pen Network forum; orders and price enquiries run directly via werner@conid.be.

### What is to be known about the Reform brand and its writing instruments, and why is there so little literature on it in German-speaking countries?

Reform was a brand of the Mutschler firm of Heidelberg-Handschuhsheim, which most recently mainly acted as a supplier to other writing-instrument makers and ceased operations a few years ago. The Reform fountain pens, both piston and cartridge fillers, are regarded among collectors as technically and qualitatively high-class, but in German collector literature they are barely documented; in Tischler's Penkala the firm is listed in the appendix list of stationery makers. More detailed information can be found on hanskress.de (kress3.htm and kress-innenseite2.htm). In the USA and Thailand unused Reform pens are now traded for up to 25 US dollars, while at German flea markets they are often available for around 1 euro; the relevant knowledge in the USA comes mostly from German sources.

### Which makers and models does the area of GDR writing instruments comprise, and where can collector information be found?

The variety of GDR writing-instrument makers is significantly greater than commonly assumed; one dedicated collector has gathered nearly 100 makers in the area of the former GDR; further ones probably exist. Well-known brands include, among others, Markant and Heiko, e.g. the Heiko from the late 1980s with hooded nib. A consolidated list with makers, types and production years does not currently exist, since source material both on the internet and in books is thin. A regular collectors' regulars' table on GDR fountain pens takes place in Dresden. Exchange between collectors runs predominantly via personal contacts and forums.

### What happens with a customs hold on transfer, and what should be considered when importing branded goods and leather goods?

Customs in such cases checks both the authenticity of the branded goods and compliance with the species protection law on animal hides like crocodile or ostrich. Both can mean retention of the goods and a criminal procedure. If both points are clarified, the goods are valued and import and value-added tax (together about 20 per cent) are levied on the estimated value. For crocodile and alligator leather a CITES species protection certificate is mandatorily required, which must be applied for before export; subsequent application is not possible. Even with proven genuine branded goods the shipment is not released without CITES papers, and an administrative offence may be imposed. The buyer bears the risk alone, since these requirements often do not emerge from the article description.

### Which brand and history stand behind the old fountain pen Rifka?

Rifka stands for Rheinisch-Westfälische Füllhalterfabrik Gebrüder Wippenhohn, founded in 1926 in Bonn; due to strong competition there, e.g. from Soennecken, the company moved to Westphalian Greffen (city of Harsewinkel, district of Gütersloh). The roots go back to a 1924 GmbH of head teacher August Schlickmann, who wanted to develop a fountain pen with metal pin instead of gold nib and a wooden holder with ink tongue under the design-protection name Fix. The own writing-instrument production was unsuccessful; the company took Pelikan products and other brands into its range and turned into a wholesaler. In altered form the firm still exists today.

### Which current fountain pens have flexible nibs as seen in calligraphy videos?

Truly flexible nibs are practically no longer made today; the nibs shown in calligraphy videos are usually 80 to 100 years old, and machine-made modern nibs are throughout hard. Asian makers like Sailor offer special calligraphy nibs. Flexibility is determined by gold content (21 carat is softer than 18 or 14 carat), grind and shape of the nib. Anyone seeking a flexible pen is dependent on the second-hand market, e.g. via fountainpen.de or penboard.de, or must ask in specialised trade for flexible nibs.

### How does the OMAS 360 write compared with classics like the Montblanc 149 or Pelikan M1000, and does the hand tire with a light pen?

The OMAS 360 stands out through its cotton-resin housing, which has different haptics from precious resin, and through a comparatively low weight. Collectors report differing experiences: heavy writers find too light pens tiring in the long term, while light writers manage with the 360 even over several A4 pages without problems. Current hard nibs require a certain writing pressure; otherwise the pen runs dry. The celluloid variant of the OMAS 360 has a particularly warm haptic but is, due to price (around 800 euros) and the flammability of the material, only conditionally recommendable.

### What is a well-preserved Pelikan 140 worth?

Collectors estimate for a very well-preserved Pelikan 140 about 20 to 30 euros. The exact price, however, depends strongly on the concrete condition and can only be roughly estimated from verbal descriptions. A blanket value statement is therefore of little use.

### Is a guilloché Graf von Faber-Castell a good choice as a gift fountain pen, and which ink should be used?

The Graf von Faber-Castell line counts as a high-quality choice with top quality and a solid image. Since the models have a Bock feed designed for German ink manufactories, any ink from German makers can be used; as writing colour washable royal blue is recommended. As alternatives further exclusive brands like OMAS (Paragon, celluloid models) come into consideration, convincing through light natural materials and elegant finish. When trial-writing in the shop it is recommended to bring one's own paper, since the shop paper is often very smooth and distorts writing behaviour.

### Which piston pen with screw cap up to a mid price range is recommended for professional everyday use?

Genuine piston mechanisms are primarily offered by Montblanc, LAMY, Pelikan, Aurora and OMAS. Recommendable models are the LAMY 2000 (although without screw cap), the Aurora 88 or Aurora Optima (with reserve-tank function and screw cap), Pelikan Souverän models and Faber-Castell pens. With hybrids like the Cleo Chiffre 05 or smaller Fabers it should be noted that they sometimes only work with a converter. EF nibs tend, depending on the model (e.g. LAMY 2000), to skip. Anyone naming a screw cap as an exclusion criterion rules out the LAMY 2000 and should focus on Aurora or Pelikan.

### Which model is an acquired Duke pen, which cartridges fit, and how do you correctly maintain it?

Duke is a Chinese maker (website: dukepen.com); the model described is the 929 Fountain Pen with 22-carat gold tip. Maintenance is limited to occasional flushing with lukewarm water, which is fully sufficient on normal pens. The converter is simply slid into the pen and filled by dipping the nib into the ink bottle. Nibs practically never need to be changed, since steel and gold nibs outlast generations; the iridium tip on gold-nib tips is virtually wear-free. Duke counts qualitatively as a low-budget brand, clearly below Pelikan or LAMY.

### Where can Élysée writing instruments of the Vernissage series (ballpoints and pencils) still be obtained?

Élysée pencils and ballpoints of this series are only sporadically available. Scription temporarily carried a fountain pen Edition 1 and a ballpoint Edition 2 (mint condition); pencils and rollerballs were originally not offered in this line, but contrary to earlier information complete 4-piece sets of the No. 1 edition do exist. Further research via Penhero.com brings picture material but no sources; pieces occasionally turn up at online auctions.

### Where can Chinese fountain pens, e.g. by Hero, be obtained in Germany, and how is their quality to be assessed?

Hero is a Chinese maker whose quality level is in the lower to mid market segment; the models, however, range from simple school pens to quite elaborate designs. A closed overview of all Chinese writing-instrument makers does not exist, since many makers deliberately do not appear publicly. At the Frankfurt Paperworld numerous Chinese suppliers with partly high-quality-looking pens are regularly represented; in Germany the models are by contrast hard to obtain and are mostly sourced via Asian online dealers. Especially the Hero 'replica' of the Parker 51 is regarded as a legitimate collector's object.

### How do you distinguish the Pelikan models M200 and M250, and do their nibs also fit larger models like the M400?

M200 and M250 are identical in housing and differ only in the nib; both consist of the 'cheaper' plastic with weakly gilded applications, while from the M300/M400 higher-quality materials are used. Theoretically the 250 and 400 carry the same feed; in practice over the decades, however, different feeds were fitted. When transferring a 250 nib into a 400 housing only the nib without the old feed should therefore be taken over, since the old screw-thread feeds, despite similar construction, do not reliably hold in newer housings. Transferring into 200 or 250 housings is also possible by the same rule; in doubt an experienced specialist helps.

### How do you open a Lamy twin pen to change ballpoint refill and pencil mechanism?

On the Lamy twin pen, ballpoint refill (small) and pencil lead holder can usually be pulled out at the front and replaced with new refills/leads. At the back under the cap is the eraser. On older variants the pen must be unscrewed in the middle; thereby first a container turns out; on careful further turning, the inner workings become accessible.

### What experiences exist with inexpensive, hand-made pens from Indian production (e.g. Rajan, Brown Speckled), and are they everyday-suitable?

Indian pens like the Rajan 'Brown Speckled' are obtained via suppliers like Andy's Pens (UK) and convince with appropriate value; shipping from England usually takes a few days. The supplied steel nib (F) is rigid, rather inflexible and can scratch a bit at first but can be smoothed with fine sandpaper. Workmanship weaknesses like broken-out spots at the hard-rubber clip transition can also be camouflaged with sandpaper. A known weakness of older Indian models is the tendency to 'ink soup' (ink leak in the cap area), which can be regarded as an essential knockout criterion. Overall these pens are suitable for experiment-friendly collectors who can live with smaller reworkings.

### How is the quality of Chinese fountain-pen brands like Jinhao and Baoer to be assessed compared with established makers like Pelikan, Montblanc or Parker?

Collectors report that Chinese pens at prices between 1.63 and about 5 euros seem surprisingly substantial, are well-finished and deliver an appealing script; the nibs, however, tend to be somewhat stiffer. They are mostly obtained directly from China via eBay dealers, often even shipping-cost free. The Taiwanese TWSBI Diamond also counts as a well-finished alternative with detail solutions that more expensive makers do not offer. For price-conscious beginners or for experimenting these brands are rated as attractive.

### How is the English Onoto Magna 261 fountain pen to be assessed regarding workmanship and writing quality?

Collectors rate the Onoto Magna 261 as a really large-dimensioned and very appealing fountain pen; nib and presumably also feed come from the renowned maker Bock, which leads to expectations of high writing quality. After several weeks of daily use it is described as a reliable and pleasant writer. Notable is the historical connection to the Channel Island of Guernsey, the birthplace of the company founder Thomas De La Rue.

### Which maker is behind the brand 'WAFCO' on an old black piston pen in senior format with Bock nib?

WAFCO stands for the Gustav Walter Füllhalterfabrik in Schriesheim. Piston filler mechanism and Bock nib clearly point to a German maker of the pre-war period; many of these manufactories did not survive WWII. As an additional identification feature, the barrel carries an embossing with an eagle. A variant in celluloid (light pearl) with hose filling and screwed-in pressure mechanism is also known; workmanship and Christmas-tree feed speak for high-quality artisanal work.

### Which causes come into question on a Faber-Castell Classic fountain pen with too strong ink flow and a loose, push-out feed in the section, and are Pelikan cartridges compatible?

Pelikan cartridges generally also fit in Faber-Castell pens and are now and then used without problems. If the feed can be pushed out of the section, the Faber-Castell service is mostly responsible — a simple forceful reinsertion can negatively affect ink flow. If the nib scratches, the cause lies not in the feed but in bent nib tines; that can often be put right locally by a writing-instrument dealer or by sending in to Faber-Castell.

### Is the no-longer-produced brand élysée (last under Staedtler) collectible, and are its writing instruments still available?

Whether a fountain pen is collectible remains a personal decision; some collect known brand pieces without intent to use them; others appreciate limitations. élysée writing instruments are still available on secondary markets, e.g. ballpoints of the Vernissage and Impression Limited Editions; in regular trade they are barely to be found.

### How can an OMAS Extra from the 1990s be properly disassembled, sealed and polished, and which material notes are to be observed?

The OMAS Extra consists of the in-house cotton-based Cotton Resin and is therefore scratch-sensitive; polishing succeeds best with Wenol or a fine polish with small grit, in a pinch even with toothpaste. The inscription 750 on the nib denotes 18-carat gold. For renewed sealing silicone grease is used, as for example pen makers like TWSBI include with their devices or as obtainable via specialist dealers like penboard.de or US suppliers (Goulet Pens); critical sealing point is especially the feed. To clean old sealant, alongside detergent ultrasonic bath, WD-40 has also proven itself. Exact build data can be most reliably determined by direct enquiry with OMAS.

### How is the Conklin Mark Twain Crescent Demonstrator equipped, and what idiosyncrasies does its filling system have in everyday use?

The Conklin Crescent Mark Twain Demonstrator is limited to 1,898 pieces (in remembrance of the founding year of the Conklin Pen Company) and consists of hand-polished, transparent acrylic resin; there is a black and a rose-gold trim variant. The pen works with the classic Crescent filling system in which a half-moon ring compresses the inner rubber sac; a locking ring on the body secures the mechanism against unintentional pressing. In the USA the black demonstrator edition is traded at around 250 USD and coloured versions at around 165 USD. In a case the pen fits, with care, into common single-pen cases, but the half-moon ring has some play and can press ink into the cap on awkward stowing; for permanent transport it is therefore only conditionally suitable.

### Which information, photos and documents exist on the Pforzheim firm FEND and its significance for writing-instrument makers?

FEND was founded in 1899 in Pforzheim and made, among other things, in the 1920s and 1930s, the overlays for Montblanc, which is documented in Lambrou (Fountain Pens of the World). FEND is known above all for multi-colour pencils with slide and pendulum-feed mechanism (magic mechanism), which Parker and other brands also had made at FEND, first with pencil/coloured-pencil leads, later with ballpoint refills. Up to the 1960s FEND also produced fountain pens that were innovative in design and nib shape and presumably inspired Mario Bellini for the Lamy Persona. With the death of the last owner shortly before or after the 100-year company anniversary, FEND disappeared from the market; patent hints can be found, among others, in the Montblanc catalogue of 1936 (page 38); original patents can be inspected at the patent office.

### Was there an official Graf von Faber-Castell Cassette No. 1 in solid sterling silver, and is a US offer for 3,500 USD credible?

A Cassette No. 1 produced limitedly in solid sterling silver never existed; the brand name Graf von Faber-Castell did not yet exist in the stated 1980s. The US offer is just a normal Cassette No. 1 with merely silver-plated lid and sharpener; only the pencil extender could be of silver. The pencils are not limited but only consecutively numbered (serial number like AA 683), and proofs like hallmark or limitation certificate are missing. The claimed contract production for Koh-I-Noor/Montblanc is not plausible, since Montblanc would not have allowed distribution of further products via Koh-I-Noor. The price of 3,500 USD is therefore grossly excessive.

### What experiences exist with pens of the Delta brand, especially with the Jubilee and the Dolce Vita?

Reports are split. With modern Delta models partly massive ink-flow problems up to writing unsuitability are reported; older pieces like the Delta Jubilee (lever filler, 18-carat nib, ink hose renewable if needed) count, by contrast, as on a par with the writing quality of a Montblanc 146 or 149. The Delta Dolce Vita also convinces in everyday use through reliable starting and clean writing behaviour. Overall Italian brands count as more design-bold and colourful but workmanship-wise more vulnerable than German standard brands; an experienced Delta dealer with working service is therefore recommended before purchase.

### What characterises the Fotografica Pen by S.C. Lucht und Probst, and how does the integrated Stanhope lens work?

The Fotografica Pen is a twist ballpoint modelled on a Leica, produced in an edition of 500 unnumbered examples and not reproduced, since Stanhope lenses are no longer available. The Stanhope lens is in the twist knob: pull off the knob, hold it in front of the eye and look against a bright light source; the image lies inside the lens system (selection from 23 motifs). The piece is delivered in a plain gift box together with a leather case (Bereitschaftstasche of full-grain cowhide, walnut brown) that protects the writing instrument all around; however, the pen should not be anchored in the case with the clip, since the leather surface can be damaged that way.

### Which Waterman fountain pen from the 1950s needs a special filling mechanism, and how can matching cartridges or converters be obtained?

The model is the Waterman 'CF' from 1953, produced until the late 1970s in various versions. The CF needs special cartridges or a hose converter, since Waterman in the 1980s changed the filling mechanism and today's usual cartridges no longer fit. If old cartridges can still be found, they can in a pinch be refilled by hand with a syringe (e.g. obtainable from the family doctor). For deeper research, the Waterman specialist Volker Kirkel is referenced, who advises collectors in detail.

### How are the writing instruments of the manufacturer Achim Velte ('Style of Writing'), especially the edition 'Himmelsscheibe von Nebra', to be assessed?

Collectors report consistently positive experiences with the writing instruments of Achim Velte: workmanship is highly praised; the designs count as substantial and exceptional. The edition 'Himmelsscheibe von Nebra' is particularly highlighted as successful. Velte also makes individualised pieces to customer wish, arising as single pieces or in small series. Due to high collecting affinity, lovers often reach for several examples of the same line; the design of some models is perceived as more feminine, which is why it finds less attention in some men's collections.

### How are Sailor fountain pens (e.g. model 1911) to be assessed in writing and quality terms, and where can they be sourced?

Sailor fountain pens are not officially distributed in Germany, which complicates procurement; sourcing routes lead via specialised dealers like missingpen or via online shops in England, Malaysia and other markets. Model 1911 (also in 'Forrest Green' or dark blue) is offered with gold nibs in 14, 21 or higher carat strengths. On first unpacking the visual impression can disappoint given the price (around 300 euros for a 1911); the writing feel is, however, after some familiarisation described as very pleasant — especially the nib variety counts as a strength of the brand. Original papers and shipping duration are to be considered on overseas purchase.

### From when was the Faber-Castell Classic Ebony line offered platinum-plated, and how high were the list prices of the silver-plated variant?

The Classic Ebony line is today predominantly known in the platinum-plated version, although a silver-plated variant existed in the past and can correspondingly tarnish. Current list price for the fountain pen in platinum-plated version is around 420 euros. Silver-plated pieces are visually more appealing but more care-intensive, while platinum-plated variants are tarnish-resistant. Detailed data on the exact change of coating variant and list prices of the rollerball version were not conclusively documented in the thread.

### Who repairs an OMAS 360 Grande with defective piston filler when the maker itself refuses repair?

OMAS, by experience from the forum, refuses repair of older 360 Grandes citing missing spare parts, which makes the service situation appear critical. As an alternative, experienced pen restorers or specialised workshops familiar with Italian piston pens come into consideration who, if needed, source spare parts from donor devices or in-house manufacture. Users report that OMAS pens are valued for their flexible nibs and workmanship, but the service shows long processing times and repair refusals on models taken out of the programme. An enquiry with renowned specialist restorers is therefore the most practical way.

### Is the Pelikan 250 set at Galeria Kaufhof worthwhile in price and quality?

The Pelikan 250 set was offered at Kaufhof at a strikingly cheap price and counts as a good everyday writing instrument. From the 250 line Pelikan fits a 585 gold nib; from the 300 line a bicolour nib. Size-wise the M250 corresponds to the M400, although the 400 is somewhat more exclusively finished. The nib breaks in softer after a short familiarisation and offers very good value for the money offered.

### How can refills be changed or the lead reservoir refilled on the Pelikan mechanical pencil 450?

Pelikan uses, like many makers, a pencil mechanism by Schmidt Feintechnik. To refill the reservoir, the housing is unscrewed in the middle; if this cannot be opened, the piece was presumably glued by the previous owner. In this case only filling with single leads from the front remains. Cautious disassembly by an expert can restore the original function, provided the bonding can be loosened.

### Which Delrin variant of the CONID Bulkfiller (Flattop or Streamline) is preferable, and which basic data does the model have?

The Bulkfiller is offered in two versions of black brushed Delrin (POM): Flattop and Streamline, each produced in an edition of 100 pieces. Delrin is nearly unbreakable and lies pleasantly in the hand; the size corresponds to a Pelikan M800; the ink volume is about 2.5 ml and so considerably more than on the M800. The Streamline version has a modified titanium clip, a convex-shaped logo on the cap top and an ink window in the grip section. In the forum the Flattop version is mostly preferred; a final recommendation depends on individual preference.

### Where do you get replacement nibs for Rotring fountain pens (e.g. Initial)?

Rotring belongs to the Sanford group; the contact in Germany is Sanford GmbH, Schnackenburgallee 43, 22525 Hamburg, tel. +49 800 8 500 500, where the service centre for Parker, Waterman, Papermate and Rotring is based. Collectors report that on direct enquiry even individual nibs (especially for inexpensive models) were sent against invoice by post; otherwise sending in the pen is usual.

### What were writing instruments with twisted glass nib used for, and how are they handled when writing?

These glass nibs are dip nibs: ink creeps along the spiral glass turns upward and is released downward when writing, so an astonishingly long writing per filling is possible. The ink is not filled into the barrel — a tight barrel is by design. The writing feel resembles a clip-on steel nib, is rather hard and unyielding but clean and better than a quill. They exist in many colour variants, partly also with celluloid holder and pop-on glass nibs; replacement nibs are today only difficult to obtain. Glass nibs are occasionally sold at the glassblower's.

### Who is the new owner of Montegrappa, after the brand no longer belongs to Richemont?

Richemont sold Montegrappa at the end of June 2009; the Italian Aquila family or the former owner company Elmo & Montegrappa S.p.A. has reacquired the shares; Richemont retains around 10 %. In Germany Aratrum GmbH (Hemslingen) takes over distribution and service and additionally runs brands like Kaweco, Tibaldi and Marlen. During the takeover phase, delivery delays and a temporarily unreachable web presence occurred; collectors report that Montegrappa goods temporarily disappeared from trade. Strategically Montegrappa focuses more strongly on limited editions and is since then with continuous growth, new product range (including watches) and prominent brand presence (ambassador Sylvester Stallone, appearance in The Expendables 2) again firmly on the German market.

### What to do if a Cartier Pasha skips and does not write fluently, although it has already been cleaned in an ultrasonic bath?

Likely causes are a nib width unsuitable for the hand position or unsuitable paper; standard problems like skipping and starting problems are documented in the forum many times. Cartier offers no slant/oblique nibs: M and F nibs are round-ground and also usable for crook-writers; B nibs are flatter and unfavourable for such writers, because the nib then runs on an edge, scratches and ink flow breaks off. A nib specialist (e.g. Stift Leo) can regrind sharp edges. On the 149, an oblique nib is recommended if needed. A universally correct nib hold does not exist; one adjusts individually to each pen; ball nibs are thereby the least critical.

### Is it normal that on an Aurora pen ink collects in the cap and on opening the fingers turn blue?

Ink in the cap is possible across makers; Aurora counts overall as a very good brand. By construction, feeds with pronounced lamellae (e.g. on Montblanc) hold back excess ink better than models like Waterman Sérénité or Parker Duofold. Triggers are often shocks during carrying in the bag, pressure and temperature fluctuations (e.g. aircraft, winter between indoors and outdoors) and carrying with nib down; affected are different models depending on maker. Remedy is provided by regular cleaning of the cap, e.g. monthly; if the problem persists, a defect on the pen is likely.

### Which contents and what aspiration does the book 'KAWECO – Gutberlet crossing Kaweco' on the history of the Kaweco brand have?

The book documents on around 192 pages in landscape format (about 30.3 × 21.7 cm) the Kaweco history from founding to the present, bilingually German and English. Known collectors from the German-language forum were involved as advisors; many information and photos so far only circulating in collector circles are first bundled. Available it is at Mostwanted Pens. Anyone expecting a complete reference work of all Kaweco models ever produced will, however, not be fully served.

### How do collectors rate the younger Pelikan Limited Editions like the Blue Planet?

The younger Pelikan Limited Editions, including the Blue Planet, are felt by many collectors as taking getting used to and design-wise too similar to the Hercules. Classics like Gaudi or Daedalus-Icarus count as more successful and are partly still available via stocks, while newer models are deliberately no longer taken into stock by dealers. Pelikan finds it harder than Montblanc in distributing the Limiteds internationally. Criticised are above all the high prices, often regarded as excessive in relation to what is offered; some older LEs like Pyramids of Giza or Hercules find approval, however.

### What is the Collegium Ars Scribendi (CAS), and what role does it play for Pelikan collectors of the Originals of their Time series?

The Collegium Ars Scribendi (CAS) is a collectors' association founded in 1996 around high-quality writing instruments, whose members receive preferred access to special editions and joint edition sets. Information about the association can be found at cas1996.de. The Pelikan Originals of their Time series comprises several models issued in parallel (1931 with 18-carat gold band, 1935 in green and blue celluloid, 1931 in white gold doublé, 1931 with Toledo band) with different limitations, which can especially be collected as a set with identical edition numbers.

### How old is a green-black marbled Reform fountain pen with cartridge filling?

A cartridge-capable Reform fountain pen cannot date from the 1950s, since cartridges only became standard later; the model is therefore to be classified as later. For more precise dating and model identification, an enquiry to specialised dealers like penexchange.de is recommended. A not quite fitting cartridge type indicates manufacturer-specific cartridge formats, which may need to be checked.

### What distinguishes the Graf von Faber-Castell Pen of the Year 2004, and how are the amber rings to be assessed?

The Pen of the Year 2004 is the third limited fountain pen of the series and has a platinum-plated barrel with five amber rings over translucent brass, an amber cabochon in the cap top and an 18-carat bicolour gold nib. With the amber colour there are strong natural variations: very light, almost milky-white amber is often used, while darker, yellowish stones are regarded as particularly noble; the customer generally has no influence on this. The retail price was around 2,200 euros. Predecessors were the olive-wood pen of 1991 (230th company anniversary) and the snakewood Pen of the Year 2003.

### How can a small hole on a Pelikan nib be recognised, and which Pelikan Souverän is recommended for a new purchase?

The model described is likely to be the grey marbled M200; replacement nibs for this are easily available from specialist retailers or from specialists like Rolf Thiel (missing-pen). Small worn spots on the nib usually arise mechanically, e.g. from frequent use with a steel ruler; a localised rust spot is regarded as very unusual. Among the Souveräns, M405, M605, M625 and M805 differ mainly in size and price, with the M405 being too small for many, while the M805 is very well manageable. Since the nibs are hand-ground, an extensive test write in the shop with one's own paper is strongly recommended.

### How old is a writing instrument of the brand Melbi with a screw-out 14-carat nib, and are all gold-coloured parts made of gold?

Melbi was a writing-instrument brand introduced by Friedrich Merz (Merz & Krell) in the 1920s; the name is a coinage from the initial letters of the family name Merz and the place name Bieberau. Pen holders, steel nibs, fountain pens and propelling pencils made of wood, metal, hard rubber and plastic were produced. Melbi was positioned as an inexpensive brand; in general, only the nib is made of gold, while the clip and rings are usually only gold-plated. A more precise dating of the model is hardly possible based on mere descriptions.

### What experiences are there with writing instruments of the brand Montegrappa?

Collectors report predominantly positively about Montegrappa: the writing image is praised, the writing instruments lie pleasantly in the hand, and the 18-carat nibs initially require a short break-in phase. A complete renovation of a silver case including a new nib was carried out without complication by Montegrappa itself. Models like Reminiscenz, Sophia or Roma Aeterna are regarded as high-quality; concrete statements about the quality of more recent models were not possible. For sourcing, reference is made to the forum penexchange.de.

### Which ink cartridges and converters fit into an Elysee fountain pen?

Elysee fountain pens use standard cartridges; therefore all commercially available standard cartridges and corresponding standard converters fit without problem. Only Lamy, Parker, Sheaffer, Dupont and Cross have their own proprietary sizes. Montblanc cartridges have a slightly different shape but also fit into all fountain pens with standard cartridge intake. Today's Montblanc converters, on the other hand, have had a thread for a good ten years, which is why their suitability for other brands is restricted.

### What writing instrument is an approximately 15 cm long combination of fountain pen and ballpoint without manufacturer's marking apart from a tiny "Germany" on the cap?

Such combo writing instruments with fountain pen and ballpoint were already available before the First World War, e.g. from Waterman; currently Diplomat or Visconti offer comparable models. The piece described comes design-wise from the 1970s and was probably made by Mutschler in Heidelberg; visually appealing, quality rather inferior. To change the ballpoint refill, this can usually be pulled out from the front, if necessary with pliers; with some models, a screw closure also had to be released from the inside, e.g. with the then popular combinations with digital watch in the upper part.

### What is a fully transparent Pelikan 400 worth, and when was it produced?

It is a demonstrator of the Pelikan 400NN from around 1956 to 1962, originally produced only in small numbers for demonstration and advertising purposes — in contrast to demonstrators issued today in larger series. There was also a green-transparent variant. Demonstrators are sought-after collector pieces today and achieve higher prices in good condition than the regular green-striped or tortoise-coloured 400NN. Reliable values, however, only result from realised auction prices, not from desired or asking prices of individual sellers.

### What experiences are there with the handmade fountain pens by Stefan Fink from Hamburg?

The writing instruments by Stefan Fink are handmade unique pieces that could be assessed during a visit to the workshop at the Hamburg fountain pen fair. They lie very well in the hand, feel like worry stones and have an exclusive gold nib. As expected, these pieces are correspondingly high-priced. The fountain pens are commercially available, among others, from Tom Westerich (penboard.de).

### Which fountain pens under 350 euros are suitable as a poppy, monochrome red or yellow second pen with piston filling alongside a Montblanc 146?

Collectors point to colourful models like the Kaweco range Blues, Tango, Samba and Mambo, which, however, only offer converter systems with low ink capacity and are placed below a Meisterstück 146 in quality. As a high-quality alternative with striking colours, Conway Stewart is mentioned, whose revived English models are available in many special colours. The Faber-Castell Pen of the Year 2008 in satinwood is also brought into play as a yellowish, high-quality candidate. With the desired brands Omas and Aurora, one has to reckon with significant price differences depending on the model.

### Which leads fit into an old Welt Pen 4-colour pencil and how does its lead feed work?

For the Welt Pen 4-colour pencil, lead and coloured-pencil leads with 1.8 mm diameter are most likely required. Ballpoint refills are unlikely, since Welt Pen disappeared from the market before the spread of 4-colour ballpoints. The pen should under no circumstances be opened, since reassembly hardly succeeds. Coloured leads in 1.8 or 1.9 mm are practically no longer regularly available today; only pencil leads in this thickness are still available from some manufacturers.

### Which high-quality fountain pens with a wooden barrel are recommended as a first acquisition and how easy to care for are the woods used?

Frequently mentioned are Faber-Castell models with Pernambuco or ebony, the Caran d'Ache with rosewood, the Waterman Sérénité Wood, newer wooden fountain pens by Omas as well as writing instruments by Cartier and Stefan Fink. Manufacturers usually use specially selected wood that is largely insensitive to sweat and stains. Price-wise, Faber-Castell is the cheapest entry, while Omas and especially the models by H. Fink, with prices from around 700 euros, are significantly higher. For targeted advice on Omas, the dealer Tom Westerich (penboard.de) is recommended.

### Who still repairs Elysee fountain pens after the brand was taken over by Staedtler about ten years ago and production discontinued?

Since Elysee has not been produced for about ten years, the legal successor Staedtler usually no longer keeps spare parts; a direct enquiry to Staedtler is nevertheless worth a try. Alternatively, the path to specialised independent fountain-pen repairers is worthwhile, who also work outside the manufacturer's service chain with old parts and self-made fabrications.

### How is the Parker IM Blue to be evaluated as a beginner's fountain pen and which alternatives exist under 40 euros?

Today's fountain pens generally write reliably across brands, so individual feel, weight and ink flow are more important than the brand. In the area below 40 euros, Pelikan, Lamy, Faber-Castell Loom, Kaweco and Online are recommended; complementarily, a look at used writing instruments on eBay is worthwhile. From online buying without test writing it is advised, since the writing feel should be judged personally; for example, a metal grip section with sweaty hands can be unpleasantly slippery.

### What distinguishes the new Kaweco AL Sport Roh model, what does it cost, and is it recommendable despite the smooth grip section?

The Kaweco AL Sport Roh is in the trade from 1 October 2012 and costs about 67 euros; due to high demand the delivery time was initially seven to ten working days. The raw aluminium surface proves pleasingly scratch-resistant, even when carried together with keys in trouser pockets. As a point of criticism, users mention the very smooth grip section, which can be uncomfortable during longer writing but is unproblematic for short writing. Overall, the fountain pen is regarded as a recommendable model of the AL Sport range.

### How suitable is the Pelikan M205 Duo with marker ink as a highlighter substitute and what alternatives exist?

The Pelikan M205 Duo is known as a concept and quite usable for marking purposes. Anyone who already owns several M200 models can fall back on alternative luminous inks, e.g. the Namiki Pilot fuyu-gaki mandarin ink. Special marker inks from the ink booklets by Michael Richter (available on Penexchange and Fountainpennetwork) are also an option. Thus it can be prevented that other valuable fountain pens have to be loaded with aggressive marker ink.

### How does one prevent the barrel of a plug-on cap fountain pen like the Aurora Optima from coming loose by itself in the inside jacket pocket?

Collectors report that the problem occurs especially when driving, through repeated movement, fastening the seat belt and getting out. It has proven helpful to carry the pen by clip exclusively in the narrow, shorter left inside pocket of the jacket, not in the wallet pocket. With plug-on cap constructions, the risk is basically higher; models like the Bohème or a Pilot Capless are safer here. Bent clips can in many cases be bent back without disassembly.

### What is to be made of the own writing instruments that Degussa today offers under their name?

Degussa, historically known as a nib manufacturer, today has writing instruments produced under its own name. The pieces are regarded as visually appealing but quite expensive. Comparable solid-silver models like the Waldmann Commander made of 925 sterling silver are even higher in price. Collectors point out that such silver fountain pens are often too heavy for prolonged writing and therefore do not suit every writer.

### Is ink leakage on the underside of the nib of a new Lamy 2000 normal?

Ink leakage on the underside of the nib is not typical on the Lamy 2000; mostly the problem does not occur. It is recommended to turn directly to Lamy customer service in Heidelberg, which is predominantly judged positively. More common, on the other hand, are ink deposits at the tip, against which regular cleaning of the cap helps. On planes, the Lamy 2000 is unproblematically usable.

### How are the gilded desk accessories of the Spanish brand El Casco to be classified?

El Casco accessories consist of steel that, after polishing, is coated with two layers of nickel, two layers of copper and finally two or five layers of 23.4-carat gold. Stapler and hole punch are regarded as classic and harmonious in design; on dark desks they look particularly attractive. The tape dispenser, on the other hand, is felt to be stylistically not quite fitting, since it appears more angular and modern than the otherwise rather rounded pieces. Since November 2003, El Casco has additionally distributed two leather collections. In Germany, distribution is via Dr. Gold KG, whose website offers extensive product views.

### What information is there on the Lamy 67P, and what is it worth today?

According to information from the manufacturer, the Lamy 67P was produced in the 1970s, presumably between 1971 and 1976, with a then retail price of about 10 DM; an alternative Lamy statement dates it to the 1960s, which is not unambiguously clarified. It takes standard cartridges; earlier, Pelikan and Montblanc cartridges also fitted, but the connection was changed later. The model has hardly any collector value; it was a simple school or utility pen.

### Is the "Perfect Pencil" by Graf von Faber-Castell, limited to 99 pieces, worth the asking collector's price?

The list price was then around 9,000 euros; the high value results from the cap of solid white gold with three larger diamonds. Collectors evaluate the price-performance ratio critically and prefer, for comparable money, several Montblanc Limited Editions instead. The regular, non-limited "Perfect Pencil" with or without integrated sharpener, on the other hand, is appreciated as a pleasant and successful collector's piece.

### Who knows or owns fountain pens of the brand Helina (Breslau or GDR period)?

Helina is known only to a small collector circle; a collector from Dresden owns a Helina fountain pen as well as several classical two-colour ballpoints, but does not have the pen for sale, since GDR writing instruments are his primary collecting area. For a targeted search for GDR fountain pens and also for the older Breslau Helina models, the forum penexchange.de is recommended, which has an active circle of GDR writing-instrument collectors. The Breslau predecessors are very rare; a photo of such a model is known, although the piece is in the USA.

### Is the Omas Cinema Limited Edition worthwhile as a collector's piece, and how is its market price to be evaluated?

The Omas Cinema is formally similar to the regularly available Arte Italiana Celluloid Pearl Grey, whose new price was around 800 EUR. Measured against this, typical eBay auction prices in a comparable range can be reasonable. With limited editions by Omas, an increase in value is less certain than with some Montblanc Limited Editions, since there are significantly fewer Omas collectors. A general guarantee of value stability for limited writing instruments does not exist.

### Where can one find information on Cartier writing instruments and their Limited Editions?

Reliable sources on Cartier writing instruments are scarce. Cartier is not an independent writing-instrument manufacturer but has various contract manufacturers produce, which is why model information is often missing or incomplete. Limited Editions do exist, but a systematic collector treatment as with Montblanc does not. Many pieces are sold rather as a sideline assortment in jewellers, which additionally narrows the source situation.

### Which elegant fountain-pen models up to 150 EUR (cartridge, B or M nib) are recommendable?

In the forum the Cross Apogee is repeatedly recommended; it is available in many noble designs and has a white-gold nib. Cross nibs tend to come out somewhat finer than with other brands (F corresponds rather to EF of Montblanc) and write harder, which can bring advantages to experienced writers. The comparatively high weight is a matter of taste and should be tried out at the specialist retailer. Alternatively, comparison with Pelikan and Lamy at the stationery specialist shop is worthwhile. Warranty statements vary over the years and should be enquired about specifically when buying.

### Which manufacturer or which model is behind an advertising fountain pen with the embossed designation "solid 675", presumably from the 1980s?

Presumably the fountain pen comes from the 1970s; in this period there was a comparable design from numerous manufacturers, mostly as inexpensive entry-level fountain pens. Since no manufacturer designation is present, it is a no-name product that cannot be unambiguously assigned. For further research, reference is made to the forum penexchange.de.

### What market value does an S.T. Dupont Limited Edition Napoleon Gold (2003) fountain pen have, and how does one sell them sensibly?

S.T. Dupont is less in demand among collectors than strong brands like Montblanc, Pelikan or Nakaya, so that the achievable resale value is limited. Binding valuations are generally very expensive and often stand in no sensible relation to the market value; a guide to self-assessment can be found in the forum (Topic 2821). Generally, writing instruments lose much of their value already on leaving the shop; only a few gain value over time. Recommendation: either use yourself or, for value determination, list on an eBay auction starting at €1, since there the largest interested circle is reached.

### Which Sheaffer model is a fountain pen with a gilded steel nib that seems to be neither a Targa nor another known line?

The Sheaffer described with gilded steel nib is not a Targa but a simpler model of the Sheaffer Fashion range, as a comparable piece from a Brussels sale of 1994 shows. An identification from memory is, however, only possible with reservation; a photo of the nib eases the determination considerably.

### What can be the cause of a new Omas MoMA nib in M scratching despite generous ink flow, and how does the model write generally?

A scratching nib is not typical of Omas models; collectors report that M nibs of this manufacturer generally write softly. Possible cause is a slight offset of the nib tines; in such cases, exchange at the dealer is recommended, which experience shows uncomplicatedly delivers a new nib. The typical ink flow of Omas fountain pens is, through the ebonite feed, very saturated, which can produce small ink puddles at line crossings at the start; after a few pages this usually settles. On some papers like Moleskine, the nib can additionally feather.

### Which online shops or manufacturers deliver high-quality desk accessories of leather like writing pad, quiver, bowl and note box?

Recommended are especially Lesny (schreibgeraeteaufderbruecke.de) because of its broad range and procurement possibilities, as well as the Swiss shop Landoldt Arbentz on Zurich's Bahnhofstrasse, which also delivers to Germany. For demanding handmade accessories of Arizona full-grain leather, the family business Ludwig Kopp in Offenbach (trademark LK) comes into question, which delivers via selected specialist retailers; a dealer directory is available on request. The latter pieces lie, however, in the upper price segment.

### Who currently makes the writing instruments of Davidoff (e.g. Velero collection), and where do the nibs come from?

Davidoff has, according to forum reports, parted from Omas about two years ago, since the quality did not correspond to its requirements. The current writing instruments are made in France; the concrete manufacturer is not publicly named. The 18-carat nibs come from a German nib manufacturer and are regarded as very soft and pleasant in writing behaviour. In German premium specialist trade, the new Davidoff models are selling well.

### Is it worth switching from the Lamy Studio with steel nib to a Lamy with 14-carat gold nib as the first gold-nib pen?

Collectors report that after switching to a gold nib the writing feel is felt to be significantly softer and more pleasant, so that a return to the steel nib seldom comes into question. Even when switching from an unsatisfactory Cross to a Lamy with gold nib, the improvement was described as noticeable. Recommended therefore is the investment in a gold nib as soon as writing frequency and demand justify this.

### Are there custom-made cases for extensive writing-instrument collections of various manufacturers and sizes?

Custom cases are often made by local leather workshops at moderate prices but cannot be found supraregionally. In wholesale, a high-quality 20-piece leather case in DIN A5 format is available for 89 euros including shipping, which corresponds to about 4.45 euros per writing-instrument slot; it accommodates pens up to the size 146 without problem; a 149 also fits in if a slimmer piece finds room next to it. The leather is soft and very high-quality processed.

### Which Japanese writing-instrument brands and inks are particularly recommendable on a trip to Tokyo?

Recommended are above all the Japanese brands Nakaya, Danitrio, Pilot/Namiki, Dunhill (made by Pilot) and Sailor with their matching accessories; Nakaya and Namiki pens count among the highest-quality writing instruments worldwide. With inks, the Pilot inks are regarded as particularly successful. A comprehensive point of contact for detailed questions and sources is fountainpennetwork.com.

### How can a ballpoint offered as a Montblanc 164 be identified as vermeil, solid gold or gilded brass model?

Vermeil pens have a silver body with gilding and bear at the bottom on the engraving field the imprint "925". Solid Gold models are correspondingly hallmarked. If any precious-metal imprint is missing, it is the gilded standard variant with a brass base. Similar aids for model determination of other brands exist for Waterman, e.g. for identification of an Expert II Smart GT Blue.

### What to do if a loose inner part (cap) rattles in the barrel of a Cross Century II and cannot be permanently pressed firm?

The rattling described comes from an originally glued inner cap at the upper barrel end that has come loose. Own repair attempts with a screwdriver do not last permanently. Cross grants on its writing instruments a very far-reaching (in fact lifelong) warranty; the device should therefore be sent in to Cross service or a specialist retailer. Usual processing time is around three weeks; the customer generally bears only the shipping postage.

### Which characteristics distinguish the Sailor Professional Gear in yellow, and what does the nib designation 'HB' mean?

The Sailor Professional Gear in yellow is, with about 12.8 cm length and around 13 mm body circumference, settled in the middle class, comparable to a Pelikan M600 in length and an M800 in diameter. It is usually delivered with a converter and a bottle of Sailor Jentle ink. The designation 'HB' is not finally clarified; it could stand for a nib width between M and B or describe hardness or flexibility of the nib. Sailor also uses designations like 'HM'; in practice, however, the writing behaviour above all counts.

### Where can a lost Bordeaux Pelikan piston filler (M200/M250) still be obtained as a replacement?

Bordeaux Pelikan M200/M250 with 14-carat gold nib are no longer offered new by Pelikan but crop up regularly on the second-hand market (e.g. eBay) and can also be obtained via specialised providers like Richard Binder. With an exchange, attention is to be paid to identical nib width; a nib written in over years can however seldom simply be replaced by another. Often it is therefore more sensible to address the loss openly and select a new fountain pen together.

### What does the new book 'Onoto the Pen - De La Rue and Onoto Pens 1880-1960' by Stephen Hull offer for collectors of English writing instruments?

The work written by Stephen Hull was first sold on 2 October 2016 at the London Writing Equipment Show and comprises 416 pages in the format 21.5 x 28 cm at almost 1,800 g weight. It comprehensively treats the history of the company Thomas De La Rue and its famous Onoto writing instruments. English brands like De La Rue/Onoto are significantly harder to find in Germany than Montblanc or Pelikan, so the book represents an important reference for collectors of this line. It can be obtained via englishpenbooks.co.uk.

### How does the Sailor 'Togi' nib write, and which Sailor special nibs are suitable for a very soft, flexible writing experience?

The Togi nib by Sailor is described as sensationally soft and slightly flexible; it glides pleasantly and delivers a saturated ink flow. A clearly recognisable variation between cross and downstroke, as actually announced (broad cross stroke, narrow downstroke), users in practice hardly perceive. As a particularly interesting special nib, additionally, the Zoom nib counts, which produces clearly different line widths depending on grip. Overall, Sailor nibs are characterised by very high writing quality.

### What characterises the historical Onward lever fountain pens, and how are they classified in the collector landscape of English writing instruments?

Onward was a model name of the English firm Thomas De La Rue; the best-known was Onoto. The lever fillers are with around 10.6 cm closed length comparatively small and significantly rarer to encounter in Germany than Montblanc or Pelikan. Collectors have built up De La Rue/Onoto collections with dozens of examples, which is regarded as remarkable given the difficult procurement in Germany. Anyone wishing to enter must mostly search specifically abroad or with specialised providers.

### How large is the Delta Dolce Vita Oversize compared to a Montblanc 149?

The Delta Dolce Vita Oversize lies in its dimensions very close to the Montblanc 149; specifically, the 149 is only about 0.8 mm longer. In direct photo comparison, both models appear nearly equally large, although perspective distortions can easily arise through different positions to the camera. The Dolce Vita Oversize is thus well suited as an alternative for writers seeking a 149-typical format.

### Are writing-instrument sets of fashion brands like Pierre Cardin made in-house, and must gilded pens (18K Gold Plated) bear a hallmark?

Gilded writing instruments need not bear a hallmark, since this is intended exclusively for solid precious metals and guarantees a certain precious-metal content. With fashion brands like Pierre Cardin, the pens are not produced by the brand owner himself but on commission of established writing-instrument manufacturers. The term Gold Plated designates a gilding, that is, a thin gold layer on a base carrier material, which is why no material guarantee through a hallmark is needed.

### What experiences are there with the online writing-instrument dealer Scription when buying high-quality fountain pens and rollerballs?

Collectors report consistently very good experiences with Scription, both with first orders and with complaints. Even with complaint cases, e.g. in case of defects through the manufacturer like Pelikan, the handling has gone tip-top and customer-oriented. The service is also described by regular customers as perfect and accommodating, regardless of the customer's residence.

### How can unknown older fountain pens (e.g. Pelikan M400, Ibis by Günther Wagner) be identified and their value determined?

For identification of old writing instruments like the Ibis by Günther Wagner, online sources like penexchange.de can give support. A professional valuation by experts is possible but expensive and mostly not worthwhile, since the writing instrument has to be sent in. For an initial estimate, photos and dimensions (cap length, barrel length, total length) often suffice, which can be posted in collector forums. With the green Pelikan model, an assignment, e.g. to the M400, is possible based on the dimensions.

### Are Montegrappa Reminiscence writing instruments fully made of solid silver, including the grip section?

The completely solid-silver Reminiscence writing instruments including the grip section still come from the time when the Aquila family was the owner of Montegrappa. After the takeover by the Richemont group (to which Montblanc also belongs), construction and materials were partly changed, so later models are no longer consistently made of solid silver.

### How does one find out to which manufacturer historical fountain-pen brands like Kondor, Schul-Freund, Mein Stolz or Student belong?

An overview of manufacturers and their sub-brands is offered by penexchange.de/klassiker/untermarken.shtml; complementarily, the manufacturer info on colectiblestars.de by Stefan Wallrafen and Jens Rösler is helpful. For the brands mentioned Kondor, Schul-Freund, Mein Stolz and Student, however, no unambiguous assignments are present in either list.

### Are OMAS fountain pens of natural resin really more susceptible to scratches than celluloid models, and which repair possibilities exist?

OMAS designates natural resin and celluloid as identical, but the material is conspicuously soft and quickly picks up scuffs and scratches, especially on large smooth surfaces. On faceted writing instruments this is less noticeable. Earlier problems with tarnishing rings are said to have meanwhile been remedied. The repair time of up to six months, however, is regarded as problematic, which is why some dealers no longer carry OMAS.

### How does one proceed if an old Pelikan 140 after a nib change at a specialist retailer has a crack in the grip section and loses ink?

A DIY repair is not recommended with a crack in the grip section. Whether Pelikan still repairs older models like the 140 or keeps spare parts is to be enquired about directly at the Pelikan consumer service. Additionally, the Penexchange forum can be a sensible point of contact, since many Pelikan specialists are active there. Regarding the evidence situation vis-à-vis the dealer, it is advisable to file a complaint as promptly as possible; after a long time, enforcement becomes difficult.

### What justifies the price of from GBP 600 for a Matania pen stand made of hand-rolled brass, and what limitation and distribution features exist?

According to the manufacturer, only 96 pen stands are made worldwide; four craftsmen need about ten months for this quantity; the first goes in each case to the secretary of the English Queen; further buyers come from state circles; delivery takes place in a handmade oak box with a calligraphically designed certificate. The high price thus explains itself less from the material value (brass) than from the built-up brand prestige, the strict limitation and the stated production duration. On request, Matania also makes from an extra charge of approx. GBP 3,500 individual special productions. From a collector's and user's perspective, the price-performance ratio is predominantly evaluated as not appropriate; the piece is rather to be seen as a curiosity for an upscale specialist clientele.

### Is a Graf von Faber-Castell tray of alder wood with embedded sharpener recess, five pencils with silver crowns and a band a rarity, and when was it produced?

The writing-instrument tray with embedded sharpener recess comes from the period around the year 2000 and was taken out of the programme again due to moderate sales figures. It was sold at the time only as a set with pencils and a silver-plated sharpener (today's variant: platinum-plated). Occasionally, trays without content were sold individually in the trade. It is therefore not a designated rarity but rather a scarcity. The variant with silver or today platinum-plated side cheeks has later returned in a reissue.

### Which Pelikan model is an unspecified old fountain pen currently being restored?

Based on the description, it is likely a Pelikan from the 1970s, which is neither particularly valuable nor regarded as a collector's piece. For more precise model determination, a specialised Pelikan community like the Penexchange forum is recommended, since there more Pelikan collectors are active.

### Where can a Pilot Falcon and a Pelikan M400/M600 (or M605) be reliably bought, ideally from the same dealer?

For Pelikan models, Rolf Thiel via missing-pen.de is recommended, who can procure the entire Pelikan range and offers good service. The Pilot Falcon is carried by German dealers only restrictedly; one option is penstore.at, although with sometimes long delivery times. Alternatively, many order directly from overseas or pay attention to hints from relevant forum threads for current sources. For Pelikan entry-level models, papierfischer.de or Galeria Kaufhof partly offer good conditions, although with smaller selection.

### How can the model of an about twelve-year-old Waterman set of fountain pen and pencil be determined in order to find the matching ballpoint?

A model determination is hardly possible without a photo, so comparison with collector sites like waterman-kirkel.com is recommended, on which numerous Waterman models are depicted. In the specific case, after picture comparison it turned out to be the model Expert, so a targeted search for the matching ballpoint can now be made.

### In which price class do Astoria fountain pens move, and what distinguishes the brand?

The standard models move price-wise comparable to or slightly above the Montblanc Writers Editions, while Limited Editions, depending on material, fall significantly more expensively; concrete prices are best enquired about directly with the manufacturer Horst. Astoria goes back to a former Montblanc designer who became self-employed with the claim of building an ideal fountain pen and who is valued in the collector scene through his repair work. The design picks up the tie clip from models from the 30s and from the Meisterstücks of the 13x range, which is a matter of taste. The advertising on fountainpen.de takes place out of conviction and without financial reward.

Related pages on fountainpen.de:
• Astoria — brand overview (fountainpen.de): https://www.fountainpen.de/astoria-en.htm

### Which high-quality, much-usable fountain pen with piston filling system is recommendable up to 150 euros?

In this price class the selection of gold-nib models is narrow; with Montblanc one will not strike lucky there. A very good alternative is the Pelikan M400, available via dealers like Rolf Thiel from about 175 euros and filled with a piston filling system from the ink bottle. The Waterman Charleston is also recommended, a precious-resin pen with 18-carat gold nib and screw-on cap (list price 155 euros, online significantly cheaper). Generally, advice in the specialist shop is recommended, since high-quality pens in this budget are individual pieces.

### From what period does a Pelikan Ibis with hard-rubber cap and celluloid body date, and how can the model be precisely classified in time?

The Pelikan Ibis was introduced on 15 October 1936 as the successor of the Rappen and officially produced until 20 January 1954. A gold nib speaks for post-war production: gold nibs existed domestically from 1950, abroad already from 1949. A more precise temporal classification succeeds via the dimensions, because the post-war pens are some millimetres longer than the examples made immediately after market introduction. The product range of the Ibis is overall confusing, so for a reliable classification comparison dimensions from collector literature are helpful.

### Who makes the Kaweco Sport offered at Manufactum as a 'revived classic', and is it the same one as via other sources?

The current Kaweco Sport is made at the firm Gutberlet; Manufactum has been sourcing the same pen for a long time and frequently sells it as a set of fountain pen and ballpoint. Other sources like ka-we-co.de are pure online shops that also market the same writing instruments. The advertising as 'reissue' thus refers more to the marketing than to an actually new production line.

### Which Waterman model is a fountain pen with the nib engraving 'Waterman Paris 18K – 750' and 'Waterman France' on the grip section?

The writing instrument comes from the Waterman series 'Etalon', which was offered in different finishes (often gilded). Information and pictures can be found on the official Waterman pages (waterman.com or waterman.de), which catalogue the model range. The Etalon line has by now been largely superseded in the range but is still available, especially in French specialist trade.

### What value do a fountain pen and a rollerball by Cesare Emiliano of sterling silver with gold accents have, and where can they be reputably assessed or sold?

Cesare Emiliano is a smaller Italian brand from the Turin region that still produces; in the German-speaking area it is little known, so market prices there are mostly only restrictedly reliable. Online research yields prices between around 25 and 120 US dollars, depending on condition and model. For a more precise classification, a high-quality photo and a comparison with the current Italian Cesare Emiliano catalogue help (models like Orion, Hercules, Scorpius or Phoenix come into question); for a broad international resonance, the forum fountainpennetwork.com is additionally recommended. As a pragmatic sales strategy, an eBay start from 1 euro with proper photos is named.

### Which nib width is behind the Aurora nib engraving '14 K / 585 / Aurora / *5 T VO', and is an Aurora nib an elastic everyday alternative to a Montblanc OM nib?

At Aurora, the nib width is usually not stated on the nib itself but in some versions on the feed; from the imprints mentioned (14 K / 585 / Aurora / *5 T VO), the width can therefore not be unambiguously derived. Here, a query to the seller or a check of the feed helps most. Aurora nibs are basically regarded as well everyday-suitable, although especially elastic, obliquely ground nibs (e.g. OM) are rarer in the range and should be specifically sought.

### What does the new Conid Bulk Filler concept with exchangeable body sleeves and the Streamline Demonstrator offer, and how can these be acquired?

Conid (Fountainbel) has extended its Bulk Filler range by models with exchangeable body sleeves, including a variant with sleeve of 925 sterling silver. Complementarily, the 'Streamline Bulk Filler Demonstrator' is offered as a limited edition with 60 numbered examples. A detailed evaluation of the Bulk Filler is provided by a test report by Fountain Pen Geeks (fpgeeks.com, 2013). Prices, technical details and pre-orders run directly via Conid in Antwerp (werner@conid.be), where additionally factory visits are possible.

### What characterises the ringless Sailor special editions of 2016?

Sailor took up the much-expressed wish for a plain, classically formed fountain pen without cap ring in the medium standard format and in 2016 brought out two limited editions: in the first half year 'Black with silver trim Ringless' and in the second half year 'Black with ruthenium trim Ringless'. The ringless cap orients itself on the historical line of the brand and emphasises a reduced, minimalist design language. The concept finds among lovers of plain writing instruments — comparable e.g. with the Platinum 3776 Jin Shin Black Dragon — express appeal.

### How is the Limited Edition presented for Pelikan's 75-year jubilee evaluated regarding design, mechanism and price-performance ratio?

The jubilee edition is predominantly seen critically in the forum: visually it is at heart a demonstrator with engraved '75' on the black cap, whose appearance hardly stands out alongside models like the Blue Ocean. The highlight named is the golden mechanism, which however is not particularly elaborately designed. The asking price of over 7,000 euros is evaluated as significantly excessive; many collectors regarded 300 to 400 euros as more appropriate. The choice of the edition number 04 for all advertising pictures is also felt to be clumsy, because the 4 in the Asian context is associated with death.

### Where on the internet does one find reputable information to estimate the current value of one's own writing instruments (e.g. Pelikan Blue Ocean, Cross, Elysée or Montblanc)?

The value question is a classic in the forum and is extensively dealt with in dedicated collection threads; flat-rate online valuation tools for collector writing instruments do not exist. Realistic indications are provided by completed eBay auctions of comparable models as well as prices of specialised dealers and collector sites. For rarer models like the Pelikan Blue Ocean, a look at the relevant forum archives is worthwhile, which already contain discussions on market values.

### How can the service experiences of Lamy be compared with those of other manufacturers like Waterman/Sanford for a nib exchange?

Lamy reacts on nib exchange even after several years often very accommodatingly, with free nib exchange and return shipping and short turnaround times of a few days. Sanford as a service partner for Waterman is by comparison significantly slower, because the writing instrument goes to France for processing, but is regarded as very engaged and customer-oriented; enquiries are recognised after brief name mention, and special requests are processed even outside the usual working hours. With Waterman the selection of nib widths is, however, limited, so very fine nibs (below F) are not available. In sum, Lamy is perceived in service as above-average fast and generous.

### How can an Omas 360 be disassembled, and what should be considered in the reassembly?

On the Omas 360, many components are glued, which complicates disassembly; moisture, however, softens the adhesive bonds sufficiently, so that the pen can be largely non-destructively disassembled. The piston rod is connected via a pin with the turning knob; even if the pin is not completely straight, the reinsertion mostly succeeds without problem. The measure is only recommendable if the fountain pen is anyway defective – e.g. leaking between grip section and body – and even experienced repairers do not offer a solution. The reassembly thereafter generally causes no major problems.

### How is the quality of a Graf von Faber-Castell fountain pen in sterling silver, especially the nib, to be evaluated – also compared to the Montblanc 149?

The Graf von Faber-Castell writing instruments are regarded as high-quality finished and correspond to the premium claim of the brand; Porsche Design writing instruments are additionally also made at Faber-Castell. The nib feels somewhat 'stiffer' compared to the 149, which is not to be evaluated negatively but should be tried out in the shop. With fine nib widths, in combination with Montblanc ink, start-up problems can occur, presumably because of the adhesion properties of the converter plastic; with Lamy ink these problems did not occur. A silver-plated or solid-silver body brings higher weight and quickly takes on hand warmth; solid silver pens can be recognised by the double ribbed cap-top ring; complained start-up problems Faber-Castell rectifies, according to experience, without complaint and free of charge.

### Is it normal that a Diplomat Traveller in everyday school use leaves blue fingers at the grip section, and how does one proceed with small cracks at the grip?

Even cheaper fountain pens should not cause blue fingers; emerging ink at the grip section indicates a problem that falls under the warranty case. With visible cracks at the grip, one should primarily turn to the dealer – with an online purchase e.g. via Amazon, a complaint is generally uncomplicated. Alternatively, the fountain pen can within the framework of the two-year warranty be sent directly to Diplomat customer service; repair or exchange of the defective grip section are usual in such cases. Via the dealer path, the handling mostly proceeds faster.

### How can a simple vintage pen with the nib embossing 'dh FRANCE / F' be identified, and is there a realistic chance of obtaining a replacement cap?

The writing instrument is a simple, inexpensive no-name fountain pen from the 1970s. 'Daniel Hechter' is conceivable as a possible licence name but was not an own manufacturer, only a licensor. The chance to still find a matching replacement cap for a writing instrument of this price class is extremely small, since the spare-parts supply even with branded manufacturers of this segment is usually discontinued at the latest ten years after end of production. Pragmatically, the loss is therefore mostly occasion to look around for a higher-quality replacement with long-term secured spare-parts supply, e.g. a Montblanc Meisterstück.

### What characterises the brand Waterman historically and material-wise, and where are reliable sources of information on the brand history?

Waterman is regarded as a central manufacturer in the history of the fountain pen; a sound introduction is offered by the English-language Wikipedia article on Waterman pens, supplemented by overviews of general writing-instrument history e.g. at inventors.about.com. Critical aspects of brand development too – e.g. on 'Waterman Scandals' – are documented via specialised collector sites like kamakurapens.com. In the German-speaking area, Stefan Wallrafen has between May 2004 and October 2005 published a five-part series on Waterman in the magazine 'Schreibkultur'; no longer available issues can be enquired about at the publisher.

### Which sources exist in Germany — especially in the Hamburg area — for writing instruments of the rather exotic brand ACME?

ACME is opened up via the dealer directory of the manufacturer itself; the official website acmestudio.com offers under 'retailers' a corresponding list. In the German market, ACME is only very restrictedly represented and largely unknown in classic stationery specialist trade; sourcing via promotional-articles dealers is conceivable but not typical. For a concrete source in Hamburg, direct contact with the manufacturer or a dealer listed in the directory with shipping is recommended.

### Which models and technical data does the Sailor Special Edition 'Professional Gear Slim – Cosmos' and its follow-up issues comprise?

The small series, appearing irregularly since 2015, comprises 800 to 1,000 examples worldwide each and is dedicated to various cosmic motifs, including Starburst Galaxy (2015), Purple Cosmos (2017), Red Supernova (2019) and Blue Dwarf (2020). A later issue 'Blue Green Nebula' is transparent, equipped with a 14-carat gold nib and gold-plated accents, while the earlier models carry 14-carat rhodium-plated gold nibs. Body material is throughout acrylic precious resin (PMMA resin); the filling system uses cartridge or converter. The dimensions are in each case about 123 mm with cap, 110 mm without cap, 10 mm grip-section diameter and 18 g weight.

### What experiences exist with the Aurora 88 in the piston version, and should one with a preference for very broad nibs rather choose the B or the BB width?

Aurora's B nibs write broadly, saturatedly and in character similarly to those of Pelikan; they are suitable for a vigorous but well-controllable line. The BB nibs come out very sharply ground and yield a clearly more calligraphic, more strongly varying stroke that presupposes precise guidance of the nib. Anyone coming from OMAS B nibs and seeking a comparable saturated ink flow at everyday-suitable writing position is generally better served with the Aurora B nib than with BB. A BB is rather intended for stylistically pronounced writing.

### How can the model of a Heiko fountain pen with purple marbling and glass nib be identified?

The model number would typically be engraved on the pen itself, often on the cap opposite the 'Heiko' logo. With many GDR writing instruments, however, a model designation was entirely omitted, so an unambiguous assignment is not always possible. A comprehensive literature on GDR fountain pens does not exist according to current knowledge.

### What experiences are there with writing instruments of the brand S.T. Dupont, e.g. Fidelio or Olympio?

With the ballpoints, the writing behaviour hardly differs from other brands, since it is essentially determined by the refill; outstanding writing properties are therefore not to be expected. The finishing quality of the housings is, however, with S.T. Dupont exceptionally high; especially the China-lacquer surfaces count among the highest-quality lacquers on the market. Anyone valuing material and finishing thus receives with Fidelio or Olympio a qualitatively high-grade product.

### From what period does the Lamy 27 come and which special features does this model have?

The Lamy 27 appeared, according to manufacturer information, in 1952 and is regarded as the first streamlined fountain pen with hooded nib made in Germany. Until 1958, twelve different model variants were offered, whose components were partly exchangeable among each other. The short nib with 585 stamp is typical of the series. More detailed information can be found in Andreas Lambrou's book 'Füllfederhalter' in the German translation by Stefan Wallrafen.

### What distinguishes the Sheaffer 100 Special Edition 'Three Friends of Winter' from 2011?

The Sheaffer 100 Special Edition 'Three Friends of Winter' from 2011 takes up East Asian symbolism and comprises fountain pen, rollerball and ballpoint, which were sold individually. The Sheaffer 100 range is settled in the lower price segment but shows, with its slightly bulgy form, good ergonomics and writing comfort. The edition is, compared to the better-known 'Holiday Edition', less widespread. Background information on the motif 'Three Friends of Winter' is offered by the corresponding Wikipedia entry as well as the lexicon page of the East Asia Institute.

### Are Rotring Rapidographs from the 1960s and 1970s interesting as collector's objects and which technical peculiarities do they possess?

Rotring Rapidographs were primarily conceived as technical drawing tools; their special feature lies in being fillable with India ink via a piston, which was indispensable before the CAD era for building plans and tracings. The pens are regarded as susceptible to failure: they often start with difficulty, gum up through drying ink and react sensitively to too firm pressure. A dating to the 1960s/1970s seems plausible. To what extent they are classified as worth collecting beyond the technical use is judged inconsistently among collectors.

### Where are the collector's books 'Collectible Stars' and 'The Montblanc Diary & Collectors Guide' available?

'Collectible Stars' is regularly offered on eBay and can also be obtained directly from co-author Stefan Wallrafen (collectiblestars.de, eBay account 'st.wa.') as well as via the shop of Tom Westerich (penboard.de), on request with dedication. The 'Montblanc Diary & Collectors Guide' is harder to find; it also turns up at irregular intervals on eBay, in antiquarian bookshops or with collectors with duplicates, with prices of up to 250 euros for unused copies being usual. From making photocopies is expressly advised against because of copyright violations. As another standard work, 'Fountain Pens of the World' by Andreas Lambrou is recommended, available via Amazon or directly from the author.

### How is the quality and collecting potential of the Italian brand Ferrari da Varese to be assessed?

First user experiences with the Lady Classica Mini (cartridge filler and ballpoint) are positive: no start-up problem, no failures and a brisk, saturated ink flow. The model range comprises high-quality writing instruments of solid silver and real horn, whose designs, however, are judged very differently. On collecting potential, no reliable statements were made in the thread.

### Which ink capacity does the CONID Bulkfiller demonstrate through the writing stunt with the complete novel 'The Great Gatsby'?

Within the framework of a bachelor's thesis by two students of the Thomas More University, the entire novel 'The Great Gatsby' with 47,049 words was written down on 261 pages within 24 hours with a CONID Bulkfiller. For this, only 2.5 tank fillings were necessary, which impressively demonstrates the high ink capacity of the filling system. A desirable continuous display of the ink level or a final overview of the fully written pages did not, however, take place. The action served as a marketing demonstration of the brand CONID.

### What are small black-grey dots on a sterling-silver writing instrument and how are they professionally removed?

Sterling silver, in contact with skin oil, sweat and air, forms deposits that first appear as small dark dots; this tarnishing is material-typical and on non-sealed surfaces unavoidable. Pure cleaning cloth often does not suffice; more effective is wool soaked with silver-cleaning agent, which leaves a fine film easily removed with a soft cloth. Exactly this procedure is also applied by the Faber-Castell service, which for Graf von Faber-Castell generally works free of charge except for postage and shipping insurance. Sulphur-containing ambient air (e.g. industrial regions) considerably accelerates the deposit formation.

### Which writing instrument up to 100 euros is suitable as a gift, preferably silver-coloured and with detachable cap?

Current Pelikan Special Editions like 'Berlin' or 'Chicago' lie price-wise significantly above 100 euros and are only very restrictedly to be found cheaper on the secondary market. As a recommendation in the named budget the Rotring Initial counts, a high-quality and plain fountain pen with good finishing. Concrete experiences with the Diplomat Lady Edition 2006 were not shared in the thread.

### Where in northern Germany, ideally in the Hamburg area, can individually made leather products, e.g. leather covers for college pads, be obtained?

Concrete northern German manufactories were not named. As an alternative, the Italian firm Pineider was mentioned, which offers high-quality A4 pad covers (pineidershop.com); they are cheaper than Montblanc Heritage but lie above the price level usual for US standard products of about 70 USD. Anyone seeking a cheaper solution generally has to research further, since corresponding mass goods with proper quality are only restrictedly available in Europe.

### Will the Pelikan M205 in the transparent colourless version be regularly available in Germany?

Pelikan has decided not to sell the model in Europe for the time being; officially it is initially reserved for the US and Japanese markets. Via group orders from the USA, the pen can nevertheless be procured. Occasionally similar transparent M205s have been spotted in German shops, e.g. at Karstadt in Hannover; unambiguous identification, however, is difficult.

### How is the writing quality of the steel nibs of Waldmann fountain pens to be assessed, and which nib manufacturer is fitted?

The writing behaviour does not depend on the material of the nib but primarily on the iridium tipping, the nib grind as well as the construction of the nib and the feed; steel and gold nibs can therefore write similarly well. Waldmann uses nibs by Bock and, according to more recent reports, increasingly also by JoWo; both manufacturers deliver nibs of equally high quality. Bock steel nibs are also found at Montegrappa and Faber-Castell. A noticeable difference between Bock and JoWo is in everyday use hardly perceivable.

### Is the new CONID website by now fully functional, especially the how-to-fill video?

After initial problems with the how-to-fill video, the video was revised and is since retrievable. The website is thus functionally usable; feedback via the blog is requested by the provider.

### Which Sheaffer model is an unknown auctioned pen?

Based on the auction pictures, the fountain pen can be identified as a Sheaffer Targa in Classic Size, presumably model 1005. A comprehensive overview of the Targa models with illustrations can be found on sheaffertarga.com, where the precise determination can be further secured.

### Is the brand name Sheaffer correctly spelled or does the variant Shaeffer exist?

The correct spelling is Sheaffer; deviating spellings like Shaeffer are typos and were in the case mentioned corrected.

### Is it normal that on the Delta Dolce Vita Oversize the silver ring between the black end cap and the orange body can be rotated?

No, the silver ring should not be rotatable on the body or the cap; on flawless examples it sits firmly. A loose, rotatable ring indicates a workmanship defect or damage and should be checked by the dealer or manufacturer.

### How is the Conklin Mark Twain Crescent Filler in the model 'Zebra' to be classified technically and in writing terms?

The Zebra is part of the reissue of the Mark Twain Crescent Filler series and is turned from a solid acrylic-resin block and hand-polished. It is a sac filler with the characteristic crescent push button together with safety ring; closed it measures about 14.3 cm and weighs about 32 grams. Fitted is a black stainless-steel nib, here in strength M, combined with a sprung clip. It lies balanced in the hand, writes immediately and without failure and tolerates also longer lying open without drying out.

### Does the Waterman Sérénité in wood also exist as a rollerball or ballpoint?

With the black Sérénité variant, the nib unit is exchangeable for a ballpoint or rollerball module; the barrels are not model-specifically fixed. It is therefore likely that this is also possible with the wood version; a direct enquiry to the manufacturer is recommended in order to clarify it bindingly.

### How is a bulk-filler prototype of polycarbonate with embedded quail-egg shells optimally implemented in design terms, especially regarding ink-view window and shell distribution?

For a better feel, it is recommended to place the eggshells more densely so that a three-dimensional effect arises through overlaps and the partial transparency does not seem 'undecided'. Instead of a continuously semi-transparent body, a clearly delimited ink-view window (densely above, running out towards the viewing window, or a separate small window) is visually more coherent. A screw cap on the filling grip requires a diameter-reduction step on the thread part, which is structurally a disadvantage. Hints on processing eggshell surfaces are also offered by Horst from maxpens.de, who has extensive experience with this technique.

### How rare is a DEF nib (Durchschreibefeder, extra fine) on a Pelikan 400NN, and does it influence the resale value?

Durchschreibefedern (D nibs) on Pelikan 400NN are not exceptionally rare and occur regularly on the market. The nib variant alone has experience-shown only small price influence, since the majority of collectors prefer soft nibs; a noteworthy premium can only be achieved if a buyer specifically searches for a hard nib. On sale, the DEF characteristic should nevertheless be stated in order to specifically address interested writers.

### How is the quality of the Sailor 1911 fountain pens with 21K Togi and Music Nib nibs to be assessed?

The Sailor 1911 models offer outstanding writing quality; especially the 21K Togi and Music nibs deliver a characteristic and very pleasant writing image. In overall impression, the writing instruments, however, appear rather plain; the housing of firm, acceptably scratch-resistant plastic does not stand out visually strongly from standard products, which is why the haptic 'wow effect' compared to some other brands is smaller. A pre-ordered nib adjustment (e.g. via Mottishaw) can further improve the writing impression.

### Is a manufacturer like Parker allowed to use three cap rings, or is this design trademark-protected for Montblanc?

Protected by trademark law for Montblanc is only the special combination of two narrow rings and one broader middle ring, but not three equally strong rings. Manufacturers with their own historical production of such ring combinations (e.g. Aurora, OMAS) may use these again in reissues. With the Parker Duofold, three cap rings already existed when Montblanc still used single- and twin-ring caps; an objection by Montblanc is therefore not possible.

### Which fountain pen in the range 100–150 euros is suitable as a replacement for a Pelikan IBIS Günther Wagner that offers a somewhat grippier surface and a stable, pressure-resistant nib?

Recommended is the Pelikan M200 as a successor replica in this price class with classical appearance and good nib stability. The M200 with DEF nib offers an extra-fine carbon-copy nib that tolerates strong pressing – suitable for a pressure-rich, fast writing image. Pelikan nibs are overall stable, so even with a vigorous writing style no problems arise. More in-depth Pelikan-specific recommendations can be found additionally in specialised Pelikan forums.

### Which brand model is a school pen from 1992 with a vividly red cap (with name plate), silver nib, grip section with notches, light wooden barrel and red end ball?

The description fits the Lamy school writing pen (Lamy ABC), a classical model of the Lamy writing-learning system with ergonomically notched grip section, exchangeable name plate on the cap and wooden barrel. Further information on the model and the writing-learning system can be found on the Lamy website.

### Why does a Sailor 1911 with ink-sac filling smear the fingers when writing, and what role does iron-gall ink play?

Possible causes are hairline cracks in the front part, a defective sac converter, damaged seals, an operating error or too deep a grip in which the fingers touch the nib corners. Iron-gall ink should be flushed out immediately, since it is unsuitable for many fountain pens and on drying can destroy the feed; in such cases only an exchange of the feed helps. Since with other writing instruments no problem occurs, grip errors are unlikely; the front part should be checked for visible hairline cracks.

### Do Centrograph fountain pens come from the former Eastern Bloc, and can they be restored?

The manufacturer Centropen was based in Czechoslovakia; whether a concrete Centrograph piece actually comes from there cannot be reliably said without pictures. A restoration is generally not possible, since these fountain pens had an accordion tube as ink reservoir, which today is practically no longer procurable.

### How are the writing instruments of the brand Diplomat, specifically the Diplomat Excellence set, to be classified qualitatively?

Diplomat writing instruments are regarded as solid and well finished. The barrel is, compared to a Montblanc 146, somewhat thinner but lies roughly in the range of the Meisterstück Classique. Anyone preferring slim forms will be well served here. Detailed experience reports can be found in collector forums like penexchange.de.

### Which fountain pen in the range around 150 euros is suitable for daily, long writing in training, and how does one choose between models with steel or gold nib?

Today's fountain pens from the middle price segment technically all write at a comparably high level, which is why the decision strongly depends on subjective factors like ink flow, nib width, feel and look. Manufacturers like Lamy, Pelikan and Graf von Faber-Castell offer very good workmanship as well as reliable service. It is recommended to try out the models oneself before purchase and to bring one's own everyday paper in order to check the ink flow and nib width realistically. Ultimately, gut feeling decides, since with none of these models can one go significantly wrong.

### What can one do if a Pelikan fountain pen has too strong an ink flow and smears the paper?

Frequently the problem lies in the ink used, since some types dry very slowly and tend to smearing; a switch to another ink, e.g. Montblanc or Jansen, can here provide significant remedy. Alongside, dried ink residues are a typical cause that glue up the feed and produce an irregular flow. A thorough flushing of the fountain pen with distilled water helps in many cases. On newer Pelikan models, the nib together with feed can be unscrewed and soaked overnight in a water glass, by which stubborn deposits are loosened.

### Which reputable sources for high-quality Montblanc pens as a birthday gift are there on the internet?

Recommendable online sources for Montblanc writing instruments are the official Montblanc website with direct ordering possibility as well as the dealers fuellhalter.de, onlinehandel-AS.de and especially missing-pen.de from Rolf Thiel. The latter is classified as very recommendable. On the mentioned site liebl.exklusives-schreiben.de, no own experiences were available, so no evaluation could be given on it.

### Which corporate colours did Soennecken use between 1910 and 1925 for the packaging of its writing utensils?

A uniform corporate colour cannot be evidenced for Soennecken in this period; the available historical documents are often only available in black and white. Soennecken used various colours for different products, apparently without a recognisable system, and also printed the company inscription in different colours on the packaging. A systematic colour code for the nib boxes or distribution packagings is therefore not handed down. Since Soennecken today belongs to the brand group Branion and no own company museum exists, detailed information is difficult to obtain.

### Where can one have an old Pelikan ballpoint repaired if the stationery dealer can no longer perform this?

Enquiries on repairs of old Pelikan ballpoints are better placed in the forum penexchange.de, since there more Pelikan collectors and accordingly relevant specialist knowledge are to be found. Specialised collectors often know repairers who can also restore older models.

### How high was the original new price of the Cartier Art Deco Dandy?

The Cartier Art Deco Dandy had at sales start a new price of 810 euros. The model is now sold out and is regarded as a comparatively sought-after collector's piece within the Cartier writing instruments. On the current collector price, however, no concrete information is available.

### How can stains on the gilded clips of Cross writing instruments be removed without damaging the pen?

Cross writing instruments have a lifetime warranty that also covers the free refurbishment of stained or damaged clips. The simplest way is therefore to send the pen directly to Cross or to have it sent there via the specialist trade with a small processing fee and postage reimbursement. Own polishing attempts are not necessary and bear the risk of damaging the surface.

### What experiences are there with fountain pens by Nakaya?

Nakaya fountain pens are described as very good writers. An ordered variant without clip in Tamenuri lacquer becomes somewhat redder in the course of time and develops its own patina. Photos often only insufficiently reproduce the actual colour character of such lacquers.

### Is a writing set offered as "Opera de Paris" a known brand or rather an advertising article without collector value?

The set offered is no renowned brand product but an advertising article of a no-name manufacturer, presumably from Chinese production with the model name "Opera de Paris". The fountain pen is at most equipped with a gilded steel nib, so neither high-quality nor worth collecting. Optically the set may appear appealing; for writing it counts as unsuitable. Even the seller himself conceded on enquiry that they are merely simple promotional utensils.

### How can an older celluloid piston fountain pen with Bock Heidelberg nib and the marking "LM" be unambiguously identified?

Bock nibs were fitted in a multitude of writing instruments, so the nib alone allows no assignment. Until the end of the Second World War, there were several hundred manufacturers in Germany, of which most are unknown today. If the fountain pen itself bears no unambiguous manufacturer marking, an identification is hardly possible; the letters "LM" also do not necessarily help further. An additional point of contact for such enquiries is the forum penexchange.de.

### Did the Pelikan 140 exist in two different sizes, or can an apparently larger example be a mixed construction?

The Pelikan 140 was made from 1955 to 1963 in a uniform size; the total length of about 12.5 cm named in collector sources is consistent. A significantly longer example with 13.1 cm and a deviating piston mechanism or feed is therefore no "large 140" but generally a barrel from the 400 range, on which a 140 cap was subsequently placed. The concrete 400 barrel can, based on the feed, probably be dated to the 1970s. The identification of Pelikan models is overall due to frequent parts combinations confusing.

### Are there suitable converters for the Caran d'Ache Ecridor XS, and how strict is the requirement to use only original cartridges?

For the compact fountain pen Ecridor XS there are no suitable converters, since the construction height needed for the filling mechanism would reduce the ink volume unreasonably. The section is also specially shaped, so only original Caran d'Ache cartridges fit precisely. In practice, cartridges of other manufacturers (e.g. Visconti) can partly also be used without problems, but with deviating dimensions there is a risk of leakage and ink stains. Anyone wanting to be on the safe side uses the manufacturer's original cartridges.

### What experiences exist with fountain pens of the brand Danitrio, especially with models with Maki-e lacquer decorations?

Concrete experience reports on Maki-e models by Danitrio are only restrictedly available; available are experiences with an eyedropper fountain pen with Tamenuri finish, which corresponds to the typical size (Mikado) of the Danitrio Maki-e models. The procurement took place via internetpens.net (Bevin Cheng), with advice and service being positively highlighted. Statements on the price-performance ratio of the actual Maki-e models, however, remain open.

### How can inherited fountain pens and mechanical pencils with silver body without recognisable brand be classified, and can defective filling mechanisms be repaired?

A judgement of model, manufacturer and value is hardly possible without pictures, since construction and filling system (e.g. removable overlay, ink tank, converter) cannot be reconciled without inspection. It is therefore recommended to post detail photos of the writing instruments so construction and filling system can be precisely determined. Only on this basis can statements be made on the quality, on the potential value and on sensible repair routes for the no-longer-rotatable converters.

### Is a Pelikan depicted on the internet a vintage model or a modern reissue?

The piece shown is most likely the Pelikan M200 Retroset, which appeared as a reissue some years ago. It is thus no real vintage version but a modern reedition in classic design.

### How can a 30-35 year old Parker set consisting of ballpoint and fountain pen be identified?

The set described is a Parker Classic ballpoint and a Parker 75 fountain pen, which despite similar guilloche embossing come from two different model series and thus do not form a matching set. The Parker 75 was produced from 1964 for over 30 years and belongs to the most frequent Parker writing instruments; the Parker Classic has been made since the early 1970s and partly until today. An exact age can hardly be determined from general pictures, but a range of 30 to 35 years is quite plausible. The housings are only gilded and not of solid gold.

### Did the old Pelikan models Ibis and Rappen have flexible or rather stiff nibs?

With the nibs of the old Pelikan Ibis and Rappen models there is no uniform picture; depending on the example, they can turn out flexible or rather stiff. A flat-rate statement is therefore not possible. For more detailed assessments, an enquiry in a specialised Pelikan forum is recommended. Hints like the nib size and the inscription 585K Gold help with model assignment; among the typical construction count individual narrow cap rings, a green ink window and hard rubber as material.

### What information can be found on the fountain-pen brand Wende?

Wende fountain pens existed that were filled by means of a push button from behind via a pipette rubber sac. The size corresponded roughly to a Montblanc 146; the material was presumably brown Bakelite, and the nib consisted of gold. On the cap, USA was engraved, without thereby an unambiguous origin being secured. The filling system was at the time even in stationery shops little known.

### How is the new Pelikan Limited Edition Temple of Artemis from the 7 Wonders range to be assessed in design terms?

The edition counts overall as interestingly designed, although the striking gold capital is felt to be too large and dominating. Positive to highlight is that Pelikan has given the edition its own form and not again used the indeed beautiful but widespread Souverän form as base. The design of the Pelikan LEs of recent years is otherwise partly felt to require getting used to. Concrete price information is not given in the thread.

### Is a silver-plated cassette with high-fine pocket pencils No. 1 by Graf von Faber-Castell still available and which price is reasonable?

The silver-plated cassettes are currently only offered with normal pencils, no longer with the fine pocket pencils. The collector value of the empty box itself is around 40 euros; individual boxes without pencils are now and then traded on eBay. Compared to the former shop price, a purchase at the current market price generally represents an advantage. The box hardly has a value-increasing effect on the contained pencils; the price counts as appropriate.

### Can current nibs be fitted to a Pelikan M250 from 1991 instead of the existing BB nib?

Whether current Pelikan nibs fit a M250 from the build year 1991 cannot flat-rate be answered, since construction details can vary over the years. For reliable information, contact with a designated Pelikan expert, e.g. via the website rüttinger-web.de, is recommended. Alternatively, the question can be asked in a specialised Pelikan forum. Both routes experience-shows lead to competent answers on nib compatibility.

### Is there a German dealer that distributes current Conklin fountain pens?

A specifically Conklin-specialised German dealer is not known, which is why the brand is frequently sourced via American providers. At martiniauctions.com, Conklin writing instruments are occasionally offered. Alongside, full-range providers like Albrecht Schroeder carry a broad brand spectrum from Aurora to Yard-O-Led; a telephone enquiry or contact via the web form can be worthwhile. A systematic source for current Conklin models in Germany, however, is missing.

### Where does one obtain a matching converter for the Sheaffer Connaisseur?

Matching converters for the Sheaffer Connaisseur are available from the specialist trade of Rolf Thiel (missing-pen.de). There the article is listed in the online shop and can be directly ordered. A self-adaptation of other converters is not necessary. The Sheaffer models count among collectors as very recommendable.

### What can be the cause of a striking smell reminiscent of vomit on the Faber-Castell Castell 10 from the 60s/70s?

Such a striking smell is not normal and does not occur on most fountain pens. Most frequent cause are ink residues, e.g. from mouldy ink; a thorough cleaning with water is therefore the first step. If that does not help, the material processed itself can be the cause, since other writing instruments too can smell unpleasant due to material. To cover, a scented ink can if applicable be used; if the smell remains permanently, material ageing as cause is likely.

### Are the nibs of the older Montegrappa Espressione (with silver fittings) of steel or of gold, and how can this be checked?

On the older Espressione models, by experience, it is 18-carat gold nibs; steel variants are not known in this range. Gold nibs are basically marked by an imprint with the gold specification, which here however can be missing. For checking, a direct comparison with documented originals or an assessment by a specialist is recommended. Without an imprint a final residual uncertainty remains, but a steel nib is on this model very unlikely.

### Can a Parker Duofold Special with inscription "GEO.S.PARKER-PEN-MADE IN U.S.A PATENTED" be a counterfeit?

The pen is a vintage Parker that was presumably made before 1945, in the 1930s, in the USA. Counterfeits of historical Parker writing instruments of this construction have so far not turned up, so the authenticity risk is low. The housing consists of celluloid; the nib is solidly made of gold. To be noted is that the Vacumatic filling technique is hard to repair in Europe, since corresponding special knowledge and tools are seldom available.

### To whom can one turn to have the value and age of old Pforzheim ballpoints with brand names like "Sarastro" or "Admiral" assessed?

For the evaluation of such older ballpoints, an enquiry to Dirk Barmeyer offers itself, e.g. via the platform penexchange.de. The collector community for such ballpoint brands is small, which correspondingly affects the market value. If anyone can give well-founded information, it is most likely this specialist.

### Which fountain pen in the price range around 150 euros with a piston filling system is suitable for a rather small handwriting?

Waterman drops out due to the stated criteria, as does a Pelikan, whose models in this price class tend to fall too small for the requirements. The Lamy 2000 is a recommendable choice for the described usage purpose. The often heard myth that an EF nib has a worse ink flow than an M nib does not apply; decisive are matching ink (e.g. Lamy Royal Blue) as well as the care condition of the fountain pen. With small handwriting, practically only EF, F or MK come into question; a test in a well-stocked specialist shop with qualified advice is sensible.

### Which Sheaffer model is a fountain pen with a characteristic nib, and how is it filled?

Based on the nib form, much speaks for a Sheaffer Crest. This model can be supplied with ink both via cartridges and via the for Sheaffer typical rubber-sac filling system. Which variant concretely is present can only be shown by inspection of the inside of the barrel.

### Which Cartier model is a writing instrument with a gilded cap?

A first, non-binding assessment points to the model Le Must de Cartier with gilded cap. A reliable identification is however not possible based solely on a photo. Further detail shots, especially of engravings and thread, can be helpful for a more precise determination.

### Which beautiful Slimline fountain pen under 200 euros is suitable for the loop of a notebook?

A suitable option is the vintage Montblanc Slimline fountain pen from the 1970s to 1980s, which is significantly under 200 euros and in format fits well in a notebook loop. Compared to this, modern writing instruments like the Montblanc Mozart are priced higher, while the Kaweco Sport series is frequently felt to be too thick.

### How is the limited Montegrappa Bicentenario Giuseppe Verdi collection to be assessed?

The series is dedicated to Verdi for the 200th birthday and accordingly limited to 1813 examples, divided into 350 fountain pens, 650 rollers and 813 ballpoints. The cap bears a laser engraving of the Verdi portrait and his signature; the fountain pen is equipped with a rhodium-plated 18-carat gold nib; shop prices are at 675 euros for the fountain pen, 475 euros for the roller and 400 euros for the ballpoint. The design is perceived as elegant and stylish; laser engravings remain a matter of taste but are particularly well suited for reproducing faces and signatures.

### Is a plainly designed Parker Duofold with a sober cap end and narrow clip ring a counterfeit or a particular original model?

Such plain Duofold models are no counterfeits but correspond to the 1987-introduced Duofold of the first new generation. The restrained design with sober cap end, thin clip ring and uncontoured nib embossing is characteristic and often led to authenticity doubts. Parker corrected these weaknesses between about 1994/1995 with a model revision. Via the date code embossed on the pen, the exact year of production in this period can be determined.